
虚拟语气(讲解版).ppt
29页GrammarGrammarSubjunctive MoodSubjunctive Mood 虚拟条件句可分为两类:虚拟条件句可分为两类: 一类是叙述与现实事实相反的情况, 一类是叙述与过去事实相反的情况另外,还有一类用于推测将来的情况,也称作推测条件句 表示与现在事实相反的假设时表示与现在事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句中的谓语动词用从句中的谓语动词用“过去式过去式(be的过去式用were)”,而主句中的谓语动词用“would(should, could, might)+动词原形 Example If I had time ,I would certainly go to the movies. If I were you, I should study English. If he had time, he would attend the meeting.表示与过去的事实相反的假设时表示与过去的事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句的谓语动词用从句的谓语动词用“had +过去分词过去分词”,主句中的谓语动词用“would(should, could, might)+have +过去分词”。
Eg: If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the examination. If she had worked harder ,she would have succeeded . The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.表示与将来事实相反的假设时,表示与将来事实相反的假设时, 条件从句和主句所用的谓语动词怀条件从句和主句所用的谓语动词怀“表示与现在事表示与现在事实相反的假设实相反的假设”的谓语动词相同,或者条件从句中用的谓语动词相同,或者条件从句中用“were to/should+动词原形动词原形” oror过去式 If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.If he should do it ,he would use another way.在不同在不同时间时间下,虚下,虚拟语拟语气的三种形式。
气的三种形式I. I.与现在事实相反与现在事实相反 Were mightWere mightIf+If+主主语语+ + 过过去式去式动词动词 wouldwould 过去式助动词过去式助动词 ,, 主语主语+ could + V+ could + V Should Should II.II.与过去事实相反与过去事实相反 might might would + have + would + have + 过去分词过去分词If +If +主语主语+had ++had +过去分词过去分词, , 主语主语 + could+ could Should Should III.III.与将来事实相反与将来事实相反 Were mightWere might if + if + 主语主语+ + 过去式助动词过去式助动词 shouldshould were to +v were to +v 主语主语+ would + V+ would + V Should + v. Could Should + v. Could 注:注:虚拟语气中助动词虚拟语气中助动词bebe一般用一般用werewere,不用,不用waswas。
当条件状语当条件状语从句行为和主句表示的行为从句行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整的时间来调整 1.If you had worked hard, you would be very tired. 2.If they had left home in early morning, they would arrive in half an hour.3.If I were you ,I wouldn‘t have missed the film last night. 4.If you had spoken to him last time you saw him, you would know what to do now.以上句型可以转换成下列形式以上句型可以转换成下列形式:省略省略if,用用“were, had, should +主语主语”. 例如例如: Were I in school again, I would work harder. Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him. Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.但在虚拟条件状语从句中但在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式不能用动词的缩略形式, 如我们可以说如我们可以说: Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy. 但不能说但不能说 Weren't it for the expense, I would go to Italy.含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句,而是利用含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句,而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。
但是这类隐含式虚拟条其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为件句往往都可以转化为if if引导的条件句常来表示含蓄引导的条件句常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有虚拟条件的手段有 : :( (二二) )、含蓄虚拟条件句、含蓄虚拟条件句 1.1.用介词短语代替条件状语从句用用介词短语代替条件状语从句用 without / but for(要不是、(要不是、如果不是)如果不是) /but that(若非若非)/ in case of(假如,如果发生)(假如,如果发生)/ In the absence of (如果没有)(如果没有)/under more favorable condition表示表示“要不是要不是”、、“如果没有如果没有”等等,表示条件虚拟,表示条件虚拟例例句:句: But for the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today. =If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today. 1)). Without air, nothing could live. 要是没有空气,什么也要是没有空气,什么也不能生存。
不能生存 2)). But for your help, I couldn‘t have done it. 3)). But that she was afraid, she would have said no. If only 引导的是引导的是省略了省略了表示结果的主句的虚拟语表示结果的主句的虚拟语气结构,现已成为惯用法,表达愿望一种不真实的条气结构,现已成为惯用法,表达愿望一种不真实的条件,译成件,译成“要是要是……就好了!就好了!”从句从句用用过去时表示现在没有实现过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望,的愿望,对对过去没有实现的或不能实现的愿望,从句就用过去过去没有实现的或不能实现的愿望,从句就用过去完成时完成时 If only I had taken his advice.我要是听他的话就好我要是听他的话就好了了.. If only I were a bird..我如果是一只鸟就好了.我如果是一只鸟就好了. If only I could speak several foreign languages.2. 虚拟语气用于虚拟语气用于 if only引导的感叹句中引导的感叹句中一般一般intended/meant/hoped /wished /planned/或或was/were +不定式完成式或不定式完成式或had intended/meant/hoped /wished /planned/+不定式的一般式表示虚拟不定式的一般式表示虚拟 。
E.g.1.I intended I should call on you , but I was busy at that time.2.I am sorry ,but I really didn’t mean to hurt.3.I had planned to travel to Canada, but I had something more important to cope with.Must have done一定做了一定做了(用肯定句用肯定句) Could have done可可能能((疑疑问问句句))本本能能够够做做但但没没做做((肯肯定定句句))May/might have done 也许做了也许做了Should /ought to have done 应该做但没做应该做但没做Shouldn't/oughtn’t to have done 本不该做本不该做Needn’t have done 本不必做本不必做Could he have been told the time?有人告诉他时间了吗?有人告诉他时间了吗? 我本能够帮你,但当时很忙。
I could have helped you but I was busy then. I didn’t pass the exam, (本不应该玩如此多的本不应该玩如此多的) I ought not to have played so much. I didn’t hear the phone, I must have been sleeping.. 在主语从句中,谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用在主语从句中,谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用“ should should 十动词原形十动词原形”的结构,表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应的结构,表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等.如此等.句型:It is /was+ 形容词/过去分词/名词 + that …… +should + do常用的形容词常用的形容词* natural , appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (可取的), better (更好)* necessary, important, imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable , possible * desirable (极好的)常用的过去分词常用的过去分词:required (需要的需要的), demanded (要求要求), requested (被请求的被请求的), desired (要求要求)* suggested (建议建议), recommended (推荐推荐)* ordered (命令命令)常用的名词常用的名词:: a pity 、、 a shame,,no wonder,,etc例如例如 It is necessary that we should clean the room every day. It was a pity that you should be so careless.. It will be desired that she should finish her homework this afternoon.. 在上述三种主语从句中,在上述三种主语从句中,should意为意为“应该应该”,“竟然竟然”,可以省去,但不可换用可以省去,但不可换用would.主句所用动词的时态不主句所用动词的时态不限.限. 注意:注意:这种从句表示的是事实.如果说话人对这种事这种从句表示的是事实.如果说话人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感,就可用虚拟语气.反之,如果实表现出惊奇的情感,就可用虚拟语气.反之,如果不表示惊奇等情感.不表示惊奇等情感.That从句也可用陈述语气,例如:从句也可用陈述语气,例如: It is strange that he did not come yesterday. It is a pity that you can’t swim..1.1.“wishwish” 在在宾语宾语从句中从句中 V-edV-ed…. . 表表现现在在 wish + wish + 主主语语((宾语宾语从句中的主从句中的主语语))+ had + v-ed + had + v-ed 表表过过去去 could/would/ could/would/ might + V.might + V.表将来表将来“wish +宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望,汉语可译为“可惜……”. “……就好了”, “悔不该……”, “但愿……”等. I wish it were spring all the year round. I wish you could go with us. We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier. V-ed V-ed 表现在或将来表现在或将来would rather +would rather +主语主语( (从句中从句中)+ )+ had + had + 过去分词表过去过去分词表过去例例 a . I would rather you came tomorrow than today. b I would rather you hadn't said that . c. I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.2. 2. would/had rather would/had rather would sooner/prefer+object clause would sooner/prefer+object clause 在虚拟语气中的用法表在虚拟语气中的用法表示希望或婉转的责备。
示希望或婉转的责备3. 作作advise, order, demand, plan, propose, suggest, request, insist等表示等表示“计划,要求,命令计划,要求,命令”动词的宾语从句动词的宾语从句,其后宾语从其后宾语从句谓语句谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)+动词原形动词原形”.Eg:They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be with drawn immediately.He insisted that all of us should clean the blackboard after class.He ordered that the students wash the cloths every week by Themselves.注意:注意:suggest表示表示“暗示暗示”时不需要用虚拟语气;时不需要用虚拟语气; insist表示表示“坚持认为坚持认为”时也不需要用虚拟语气时也不需要用虚拟语气 e.g.: Her pale face suggests that she is ill. He insists that he didn’t steal money.作作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构虚拟语气的结构“(should)+动词原形动词原形”.例如例如: We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. My idea is that we (should) exercise first.. 如果从句表示的动作发生在过去,用过去完成时,指现如果从句表示的动作发生在过去,用过去完成时,指现在状况,则用过去时,指将来则用过去将来时在状况,则用过去时,指将来则用过去将来时例如:例如: He looks as if he were an artist. He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.. Even if he were here,,he could not solve the problem.. They talked as if they had been friends for years. She looks as if she would cry.例如例如:: She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.He kept quiet lest he (should) disturb her. I did this so that I might have a couple of weeks to prepare my paper.由连接词由连接词in case, so that ,in order that ,unless, in case, so that ,in order that ,unless, lest ,for fear thatlest ,for fear that引起的状语从句中,谓语动词要用引起的状语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟形式,即虚拟形式,即should(might, would)+should(might, would)+动词原形动词原形,,注意:注意:在以在以lest lest 引导的从句,谓语用引导的从句,谓语用should +should +动词原形,动词原形,shouldshould有时可省有时可省. . 若若in order that/so thatin order that/so that的主句是现在时,的主句是现在时,从句也可用从句也可用can/may+can/may+动词原形。
动词原形Ask her to hurry up with the letters so that I Ask her to hurry up with the letters so that I can sign themcan sign them1>这种从句常用在这种从句常用在 It is( high) time( that)It is( high) time( that)…句型句型中,中, 定语从句的谓语动词用过去式,定语从句的谓语动词用过去式, 或或 shouldshould十动词原形十动词原形( should( should不能省略,不能省略,bebe用用 were)were)来表示,来表示, 意为意为“( (现在现在) )该该……” about time should + V It is + time + that +主语+主语+ high time V-ed/were 例如:例如: It is ( high) time we left (should leave). lt is high time we were going.a. It’s about time that you ______ your store. A close B closed C have closed D had closedb. It’s high time that he _______ to think how to deal with the money. A would begin B began C begin D will begin1_B 2_B 用用“ may 十动词原形十动词原形”表示表示“祝愿祝愿”、、“但愿但愿”.. may须置于句首,须置于句首,例如:例如:May you be happy! May you succeed! May you have a good time! 其他表示愿望,祝愿或诅咒,命令。
其他表示愿望,祝愿或诅咒,命令 God bless you . Heaven forbid! Be more careful!! You go out ! Thank Thank you!you!。












