实用英语写作一.ppt
147页
实用英语写作一 II. Manuscript Form I. Introduction Part One Manuscript FormTeaching aimsTelling Ss sth. about the course ; teaching them some skills & principles for manuscript form output of information expression of views & thoughtsapplication of language 1. What is writing?communication I. Introduction 2. The aim of the course writing? DictionSentenceParagraphCompositionManuscriptwriting skillsthinking ability 3. Qualities & strategies?practicingcorrectingrewritingobservingthinkingqualitiesdiligencepersistencereadingstrategies II. Manuscript form TitleCapitalization Margins Indenting Punctuation Word-division handwriting 1.The title1)Identify the following titles and correct the mistakes.Food safety becomes national priorityPark's Promotion In Poor TasteCriticism on the Ending of Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry FinnReflections On The Article My HometownLei Feng Spirit To Inspire New Generation.Should Chinese People Retire Later 2) Summary: principles for titles(1) Capitalization: all words in the title except articles, coordinating conjunctions, prepositions, the to in infinitives(2) Italicizing \underlining the name of a book(3) Using quotation marks with quotes or titles of articles (4) Using a question mark if the title is a direct question(5) No period is used at the end of a title(6) Write the title in the middle of the first line 1) Punctuate the following and capitalize the letters where necessary.(1) he said my trip to mount tai was tiring but interestingHe said , “ My trip to Mount Tai was tiring but interesting.”(2) my trip to mount tai he said was tiring but interesting“My trip to Mount Tai,” he said, “ was tiring but interesting.” summary: places for capitalization key words in titles the first word of a sentence\of quoted speech proper names2. Capitalization 1) Read the following paragraph and indent it properly.He Bing, deputy dean of the law school of China University of Political Science and Law, drove to the cus of the Communication University of China to give a lecture to its PhD students. He was stopped at the south gate. Because the student who met him at the gate did not obtain the permit in advance, he was not allowed to drive onto the cus. He tried to explain the situation to the security guard and showed his business card. But the guard did not budge. In the end, he had to use a side entrance. 2) Summary (1) Indent the first line of a paragraph (space of 4 or 5 letters) (2) write on every other line (3) leaving a margin on each side of the paper ( left and right side) 3. Margins & Indenting , ; .? ! :“ ” 三三 _ 4. Punctuationsemicoloncommaperiodexclamation markcolonquotation markbracketsdash 1) Refresh Ss’ knowledge on punctuation 2) Punctuate the following（1）Sam You can never imagine how happy I was when I opened the gift An MP5 player of the latest model that’s really amazing You do know me Thanks a million times for the gift Wish you a fair journey Kelly,.—!. !. （2）The accountant checked the figures again as a result the mistake was discovered（3） What we want are the primary colors red blue and yellow（4）The daily newspaper contains: news, sports, entertainment, and classified ads.（5） The President began with an announcement Ladies and gentlemen we feel honored to have Mr. Kofi Annan with us（6） Each of the flats there are two bedrooms in each houses some ten students（7） By the time the speech was over it lasted 3 hours I was dozing in my chair ;“,.：：：：，，，，.，，.”））.__.( Attention: (1) Identify the difference between , . 。
overusing of exclamation mark beginning a line with a punctuation (2) Avoid ending a line with the first half of a pair of brackets, parentheses, or quotation marks. Summary: punctuations,joins short & closely related parallel sentences, sentences with a coordinator;adds a forceful connection between sentences:to formally introduce a list, a long quotation, or an explanatory statement (it is used after a complete statement)三三to add inessential information (not to cross a word)—to emphasize the insertion, to set off a series used as an appositive Exles & principles Divide a word according to its syllables, and never put the hyphen(—) at the beginning of a line.through, march (one - syllable word cannot be divided) a lone, trick y (avoid writing one letter syllable at the end or beginning of a line)China, Jane (proper names cannot be separated) sister-in-law, kind-hearted (separate at the hyphen) re-write, arrange-ment (separate between the base part and the suffix or prefix)Do not divide the last word of a page; write the whole word on the next page. 5. Word-division General rule: neatly & clearly attention:When crossing a word, not use ( ) to enclose it, but draw a thick line across it.When adding a word, write it above the line, with a clear sign showing where it is to be inserted. 6. Handwriting Unit summary Introduction of the course writing Manuscript form (ppt 6) 1. The meaning of a word and correct choice in writing 2. Ways to avoid some pitfalls of ChinglishPart Two DictionI. The Meaning of Words 1. The meaning of a word and correct choice in writingConnotationDenotation CollocationAttitude1) aspects of the meaning of a word A. Denotation & connotatione.g. mother, ice mothera woman who is a parentdenotation connotation protectiveness, unselfishness, affection literal and primary meaning of a word the suggested meaning of a word e.g.country, nation, state, and landExplain the meaning , looking closely at the denotative and connotative meanings of the italicized words.a. In the West, every man was a man.b. Anyway, she is a woman.Suggestion: Proper choice of words according to their denotations and connotations.Identify the connotations of the three synonyms: portly, plump, and fat a.She is plump. b. She is portly. c. She is fat. 2) Attitudec. The girl is so skinny.The feeling of the writer to the subject Task 2. Recognize how the writer’s attitude changes from sentence to sentencea. What a slim girl she is!b. How thin the girl is!a. They lived in a small town.b. I can never forget the little town where I spent my happy childhood.Modest & humble Task 3. Complete the table with synonyms, paying attention to their affective meaningsFavorable ComplimentNeutral Unfavorable strange Unique, quaintbizarre, abnormalResolute, steadfaststubborn, doggedpigheadedpraise, flatterlick one’s bootsSenior citizenold personfossilBachelor girlsingle womanspinster 1)He has the most ____ distinction of having written speeches which were effective when delivered. unique2) Many of the managing posts filled up by ____ people only because they happen to have the habit of ordering poor people about.pigheaded3) I was ______ by your invitation to come to this party.flattered4) He thought his landlady was a mean ______.fossil5) Hurry! End of my single life! Not an old and bad-tempered ______ any more!spinster 3. Collocative meaningStrong\ weak coffee thick\ thin soup do sb. a favor make an effort, follow the fashion Large (not big) amount\ number and quantity great courage, confidence\ ability\ wisdom meaning that is habitually used with certain words •Avoid some pitfalls on Chinglish (Unidiomatic use of English by Chinese speakers) He came to send me a letter. I went to the station to send my friend off.His body is healthy.His two eyes are blind. Task 5.a. 请帮我们宣传一下这个新产品。
b. 他遇事总是先想着自己，真是太个人主义了Please help us propagate this new product.He is self-concerned and individualistic.Please help us to advertise this new product. He is self-concerned and selfish. •Task 6a.大家一致感到那听起来不像是真的大家一致感到那听起来不像是真的 b. 那个主意听起来很有趣，而且两个主意巧合那个主意听起来很有趣，而且两个主意巧合为一体c. 这位跳高位跳高选手手创造了新的世界造了新的世界纪录 a. Everyone feels (without unanimously) that doesn’t seem to be true.b. that idea sounded very interesting, and the two ideas happened to merge (without together).c. The high-jumper has set a ( without new) world record.Attention: avoid repetition of meaning •Exercises1. Translationa. 你吃了吗？b. 请多提宝贵意见。
c. 辛苦了！ 2. Correction & translation a. He was tortured mercilessly by the enemy.b. That’s an impractical illusion.c. We have eliminated the enemy force entirely.d. How can you believe those groundless lies? 3. Summary1.The four aspects of the meaning of words 2. Ways to avoid Chinglish Denotative meaning connotative meaning affective meaning collocative meaningavoid literal translation avoid repetition of meaning in English way of thinking Reviewing exerciseCorrecting the misused words in the following sentences1.We sat down by the oak tree, enjoying the wind coming from the lake.( breeze)2. That politician is a respectable figure in the political arena.( statesman )3. My father opened the curtain a little lest I see him. ( draw back)4. Our university can contain 20,000 students.( accommodate)6. It is essential to control environmental pollution so as to protect the environment.5. We must practice economy and reduce unnecessary expenditure. Part Two DictionII. Levels of Words 1. Differentiate various styles in English 2. Identify typical features of different levels of words3. Recognize the occasions to use the appropriate levels of words 4. Practical writing: Notices I.Three main levels of words in terms of style Three main levels of words formal General\commoninformal II. Features of formal & general wordscolloquial slang e.g. formal & general wordsGeneral: clear, end, agree, prove, stopFormal: lucid, terminate, concur, verify, adjournRevise the following to a natural style1.We need to utilize the milk before it sours. 2. The child had difficulty ascertaining his way to school.3. The young woman was bombarded with flowers and gifts. 4. The meeting adjourned at 5 p.m. without any consensus being reached. The best policy is to use general words in most cases and formal words in specific , formal context. colloquial & slang Excerpt 1 This was great! Thank you very much! I want my own copy of the album—next time we go to Borders. P. S. I look forward to Sat. __ See you soon. Excerpt 2 Thank you very much for your information. I wonder if it is possible for us to meet sometime next week to have a discussion about it. I look forward to hearing from you. Thank you again.Questions:1. What is the language feature of each style?2. Who might be the expected reader of the note?features occasions to use II. Use the appropriate words according to the context and audience2. Change the inappropriate style of the following: 1) The general manager asked you to hang on for a second. 2) I asked him to cut out his misconduct. 3) an insurance policy of old style: Upon the happening of an occurrence reasonably likely to involve the Company hereunder, written notice shall be given as soon as practicable to the Company or any of its authorized agents.wait forstop Revised versionIf there is an accident or incident that may be covered by this policy, notify us in writing as soon as possible. You can give this notice to any of our authorized agents. The occasions to use appropriate levels of words? SummaryThree main levels of words; Features of each level of words;General rules in choosing the levels of words III. Practical writing: NoticesThree main parts of a noticeactivitytimeplace Day of the week date time the sign # is put before a number, not after it IV. Assignment 1. Write out the abbreviated forms for the days of the week and the months of the year2. Notice writing: on p 287 , 1 & 2 . Part III. The SentenceI. Complete Sentence and Sentence FragmentsI.ReviewingII. Complete SentenceBasic structure of a sentenceSubject PredicateIII. Sentence FragmentsIV. Summary II. Complete Sentence1. Basic structure of a sentenceHe came. (subject + predicate)She wrote a letter.(subject + predicate+ object) He is fine. He is a famous professor.(Subject + link-verb + predicative\ complement) 1) The choice of a subject2. Subject2) Position of a subject which is better? The catching of fish provides enjoyment for polar bears. Polar bears like to catch fish. His appearance indicated tiredness. He looked tired. Buying the wine was his responsibility. He had to buy the wine.When you write, focus on human, animate and concrete noun or pronoun as subjects and watch out for nominalization to avoid writing inflated and affected sentences. Work in pairs to identify the subject in each and revise those whose meaning is unclear.1) A reluctance to work steadily caused her to be unprepared for the presentation on Monday.2) The horror of the film made me unable to sleep for three nights.3) A great deal of learning took place in my chemistry class.4) The embarrassment left me wordless. Rod missed the fun of college by making chemistry his sole activity and participating in no extracurricular activities. Which is easier to understand? Why? 2) Position of a subjectMaking chemistry his sole activity and participating in no extracurricular activities, Rod missed the fun of college. Exception: inversion In the center of the painting stands a lady in white. Down in a green and shady bed A modest violet grew; Its stalk was bent, it hung its head, As if to hide from view. ___ James Taylor, “The Violet” A treacherous fellow is the Shark He never makes the least remark. ___Alfred Douglas, “ The Shark”( To emphasize “down in a green and shady bed” , “ a treacherous fellow” , and to achieve the rhyme.) Summary for “ subject”Choose human, animate or concrete noun\pronoun , watch out for abstract ones or nominalizations as a subject. (clear, concise, easy to follow) Put a subject at the beginning of a sentence.Exception: inversion for specific effect active voice 3. Predicatepassive voice Through her studies of child rearing, personality, and culture, world fame was achieved by Magaret Mead.Through her studies of child rearing, personality, Magaret Mead achieved world fame.1) Choosing the active voiceThe active voice stresses the activity of the subject and helps to make a sentence direct, concise, and vigorous. Change the voice of the verbs in the following sentence and try to compare the effects.1) The huge iceberg was rammed into by the luxury liner.2) A good race was run by the Ferrari.3) Some objects of art were discovered by the amateur archaeologist.4) Before my world record was set, I was a great fan of The Guinness Book of World Records and read each new edition from cover to cover. When the agent is either unknown or unimportantWhen the agent is followed by a long modifier The book about motorcycles was misplaced among books about cosmetics.In 1850, no trace of the glacier was found.2) Choosing the passive voice Work in pairs and change the voice of the verb if it is ineffective. Rewrite the sentences if necessary.The road had been traveled many times by the salesman, but the old house had never before been noticed by him.A safe trip was had by the tourists because all the dangers were carefully explained by the guide.If you can learn how to use a thesaurus, it will be found quite useful. Encourage students to use the active voice more often III. Sentence FragmentsAn incomplete sentence, (a sentence with some part\ parts missing ), is also called sentence fragment. I’ll meet you in the library. At four in the afternoon. She stood by the window. And looked at street below. We preparing for the coming exam.I hate writing. Because I never got my teacher’s praise. •Correct any incomplete sentence you can find in the following:•We also singing and dancing at night.•Lying on the grass feel like forgetting everything and only concentrated on the sky and cloud is such a comfortable enjoyment. •He is an outstanding athlete and excellent coach, he always well-practiced and prepared, then tries his best to teach us.•Anyway he just like a big brother and willing to take care of us and help us. The author learned many things. During his college years. He learned to read and write well. He also learned to be independent. And to rely upon his own judgment. He is a good model for high school students. Especially students with little money but lots of ambition. Success in college takes a great deal of hard work. But can be achieved by many people. IV. Summary1.Use complete sentences2. A complete sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate. 3. Start a sentence with a subject; use human, animate and concrete nouns as subjects, avoiding nominalization. 4. Four types of incomplete sentences\ sentence fragments. 5. Ssentence fragments should be avoided. V. Exercises1.Identify the problem and revise the sentence.1) The view from my window enables me to see the Park.2) His insistence on seeing the manager only caused the saleswoman to finally become angry.3) My urge to laugh at his predicament had to be controlled.4) The measurement and assessment of children’s performance will have to be maintained. 2. Correct the mistakes in the following1)Behind the house. There lives a big bad wolf .2) I have to finish this paper this week. And prepare for the test as well.3) My parents always afraid that I may get lost.4) I will call you tonight. If I can finish my work in time. Part Three The SentenceII. Types of Sentences III. Effective Sentences I. types of sentences functionstructurerhetoriclength II. Effective sentence: unity Different sentence types by different criteria. 1) I attended a meeting last week.2) Have you ever been to Canada?3) Hand in your homework after class, please.4) What a lovely day it is!I. Types of SentencesIn terms of functiondeclarative interrogative imperative exclamatory 1)Last night was a wild night, with the thunder roaring, the wind blowing a gale and the rain falling in torrents. 2) The sky was cloudless and the sun was shinning brightly.3) The girl, whose mother was a famous pianist, began to learn to play the piano when she was a child.4) Actually, not all Americans hold all these values, and those who do may hold other, and at times contradictory, values that affect their ways of behaving. In terms of structuresimple sentence compound sentence complex sentence compound-complex sentence 1)She decided to study music though she was interested in English.2) Although she was interested in English, she decided to study music.3) It does not do to live in memories, or in regrets for the good old days. One’s thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done. in terms of rhetoric loose sentence periodic sentence balanced sentence Summary for sentence typesDifferent types of sentence by different criteria By function: By structure: From rhetoric point of view: By length: II. Effective Sentences 1. UnityFocus on: what is sentence unity? How to achieve unity?1) Born in a small town in Anhui Province, Wang became a taxi driver last year.2) In my opinion, Lin is the most hardworking student. improved 1)’ Wang, who was born in a small town in Anhui Province, became a taxi driver last year.2)’ In my opinion, Lin is the most hardworking student in our class.Sentence unity means that a sentence only expresses a single complete idea. •If there is more than one idea in a sentence, they must be logically related to each other.•Unity also requires the writer to write a complete idea into one sentence. This is especially important when we discuss ideas with words in the superlative degree. Unless in a certain context, words indicating the scope cannot be omitted. •Two ways to combine related sentences: coordination and subordination A.Coordination type: Item A + Coordinator + Item B three types of coordinatorssingle coordinatorspaired coordinators coordinators in series 1）I love you, but I love freedom more. 2）Either you come on your own, or I’ll have my men guide you here.3）The professor was explaining how religion and morality interact, and most students were thinking about what to have for lunch.4）I have been learning writing for about ten years, yet I still don’t know how to start a composition.5) I don’t know what she plans to do, nor do I want to know. •Turn the following pairs of sentences into coordinate sentences to achieve sentence unity. 1)The exam is going to end in five minutes. Judy still has two essay questions left. 2) I had planned to go to Hangzhou during the National Day holiday. I was frightened back home by the large crowds of people at the railway station. 3) I will not read this letter. I will not read any letter he writes me. yetbutnor •Supply a clause for the following sentences to satisfy the relationship indicated by the coordinator.1) I know the house is too expensive, and__________________.2) ________________________________, yet I still had a try.3) Almost all of us worked hard before the exam, and_________.4) The course is getting more and more difficult, and _________ .5) The course is getting more and more difficult, but __________.6) I got up early that morning, yet _______________________. B. Subordination Combine the following group of sentences in as many ways as possible•Tony is very gifted in music.•Tony chose to major in accounting.1) Tony is very gifted in music, but he chose to major in accounting.2) Although Tony is very gifted in music, he chose to major in accounting.3) Tony, who is very gifted in music, chose to major in accounting.4) Tony, who chose to major in accounting, is very gifted in music. •In subordinate sentences, only one sentence retains its independence, the meaning of the other sentence is not complete, so it can not exist by itself. •Types of subordinationa. Nominal clause: a dependent clause functions as a noun. It can be used as a subject, an object, or a predicative.1) I don’t know (that) that girl is Mary.2) Many people are still ignorant that different flowers mean quite different things.3) That you’ve come to visit me is much fun. b. Relative clause: a dependent clause functions as an adjective or a prepositional phrase to modify nouns.1) I like the boy that\who is asking his mother to buy him an ice cream.2) I like the boy ( that\who\whom ) you talked about in your letter.3) Most of the students like the teacher whose way of teaching is inspiring.4) I will never forget the day on which\ when I came to this university. c. Adverbial clauses: clauses used to modify verbal components. 1) He never eats beef because he was born in the year of the ox.2) When\If you read more, you probably can write better.3) His sister always arrives before the party starts.4) Whenever Mary went, the lamb was sure to go.adverbial of time, of place, of condition, of result, etc. •Summarize the rules of sentence unity1. A unified sentence expresses one complete idea.2. For ideas to be unified, we must make sure that the ideas in the sentence are logically related. There are two ways to combine sentences: coordination and subordination.3. For the idea to be complete, we must be careful with the superlative degree or other types of absolute expressions. •Exercise: make the following sentences unified by using subordination or coordination1.I had no idea what I was getting into, I did not really care.2. You can’t go home now, it is raining so heavily.3. Garry decided to stop eating too much sweet food, he does not want to die of heart attack. 4. We entered the shop, a saleswoman greeted us, and all kinds of shoes were on the shelves, and the prices were quite reasonable. 5. People in the past viewed TV as something to improve one’s character, now many denounce it as a plug-in drug.6. Many young man I know are considering buying a car. They are not aware of the trouble a car may bring them.7. You rewrite your paper. You sit there and wait for an F.8. Jane likes that shop very much. She goes there almost every week. Part Three The SentenceIII. Effective Sentences: Coherence, conciseness, emphasis, and variety I. Sentence coherence and conciseness II. Ways to make emphatic sentences III. Strategies to achieve sentence varietyIV. Practice: application of the strategies I. Coherence (clear and proper connection between parts) e.g.1.A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds. 2. We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman.3. We have great faith and high hopes for her. (faulty parallel constructions） 4. She told my sister that she was wrong.5. He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious.6. I’m going to the lecture on modern Chinese drama, because he is a dramatist I like.•( pronoun with ambiguous reference) 7. Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.8. On entering the room, no one was seen.9. To get ready for the exam, every unit should be reviewed. ( dangling modifier) 10. He put the gift in the bag that he had bought for his wife.11. The story he told at first sounded very interesting.• (misplaced modifier) 11. An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize. 12. Those who wish to take Linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet of paper.13. She reviewed the lesson taught last week and all the exercises assigned by the teacher were done. ( did all the exercises assigned by the teacher .)•(confusing change in person, number, and in voice) cases of lacking sentence coherencefaulty parallel constructionpronoun with ambiguous referencedangling modifiermisplaced modifierconfusing changeSummary for sentence coherence III. Conciseness (no unnecessary words) •These watermelons are large in size and sweet in taste.•The cause of the flood was due to the heavy rain.•He is not only a good pianist, but also a good singer as well.•His name is called Tom. IV. Emphasis1. Length of sentence 2. Sentence pattern•In rushed the noisy children. (a. Inverted sentence) • On hearing the news, he was angered, and I was saddened. (b. parallel constructions \ balanced sentences)• It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. (c. periodic sentence) d. emphatic patterns• Their newspapers never report their weapon dealings with other countries.•What their newspapers never report is their weapon dealings with other countries. •I hate his foolishness.•It is his foolishness that I hate.•I know what you mean.•I do know what you mean. 3. Rearrangement of a sentence •I saw a cat in the garden yesterday.•In the garden yesterday I saw a cat.•The boys reluctantly left the playground.•The boys left the playground reluctantly.•Reluctantly, the boys left the playground. Summary for emphasismaking emphatic sentences1. Length of sentence 2. Sentence patterna. Inverted sentenceb. balanced sentencesc. periodic sentenced. emphatic patterns3. Sentence rearrangement V. Sentence varietyFour strategies are introduced: by varying the length by varying the pattern by varying the emphasis by varying sentence beginner Summary for “effective sentence”UnityCoherenceConcisenessEmphasisVariety Practice: improve the following paragraph in terms of sentence variety•I got up at six-thirty in the morning. I had my breakfast at six-fifty. I left home at seven exactly. I went to school by bus. I spent about twenty minutes on the bus. I arrived at school at seven-thirty. I read English for about twenty minutes. I had my first class at eight. •I got up at six-thirty in the morning, had my breakfast at six-fifty, and left home at seven exactly. After a twenty-minute bus ride, I arrived at school at seven-thirty. Then I read English for about twenty minutes. I had my first class at eight. VI. Assignment: Improve the following paragraph in terms of sentence variety.•Environmental protection will benefit us a lot. First, it improves our living condition. It can make our air purer, and make our water cleaner. A healthful living condition is essential to our work and study. Second, environmental protection does good for the younger generation. It improves our children’ s health. It also teaches our children a good attitude toward the environment. Third, it saves our resources. We can recycle used materials instead of throwing them away. We can get more material but produce less waste. Part Four The ParagraphI. Criteria of an Effective ParagraphI. General introduction to paragraphs II. Topic sentence V. Summary & Assignment III. Unity IV. Coherence I. General introduction to paragraphs1. A paragraph2. A good paragraph(from outside perspective)a group of sentences that support and develop a single idea. (a controlling idea) (from inside perspective) II. Topic sentence1.Features of a good topic sentence2. Position of topic sentence study the following topic sentences and then complete the rest according to the topic given •Topic ︳ Controlling idea_____________________________________________•Riding a bicycle gives me much pleasure.•I had a terrible morning today. •College life is quite different from middle school life. •Jenny is a quiet and shy girl.•Learning a foreign language ___________________•Television programs for children ___________________•The food we eat ___________________ Comment on and improve the topic sentences:1) Choosing a major is difficult. 2) The spelling of the word centre in British English is different from that in American English. 3) The local food is terrible. 4) Different countries with different customs. 1.Features of a good topic sentence 1) a topic & a controlling idea. 2) not too general, specific, or emotional 3) a complete sentence 2. Positions of a topic sentenceIdentify the topic sentence of each paragraph(on pages 65-66 ) and summarize its positionPractice: Supply a topic sentence for each of the following paragraphs ( page 66) III. Unityonly one controlling idea developed or supported by every other sentence • Par. A New students should give careful consideration to the courses they want to take in their first semester at college. They should keep in mind that college is a different institution with new things to experience and new situations to adapt to. I had always been told that college is not hard and that it is just amatter of keeping up in your classes. This is true, but I have found it to be very difficult and time-consuming. My advice tothe freshman is that he be sure that the number and the kind of courses he takes are those he can handle. In college there area vast number of courses one can take. Par. B• New students should give careful consideration to the courses they want to take in their first semester at college. For one thing, they should balance science and non-science courses so that they do not have too many time-consuming labs. They should also try to get a mixture between subjects they find fairly easy and those that are difficult for them. For instance, the student who does well in history but expects to have a terrible time with calculus might plan on taking both in the same semester to balance the workload. The student who does not plan carefully and takes five tough courses the first term may wind up on scholastic probation. outline for par. BTopic sentenceApproach 1Approach 2Exle 1Exle 2 Par. 1 The world has enjoyed many benefits from the inventionof the telephone. First of all, it has brought convenience to families and friends. For exle, people can contact eachfamily member or friend who lives far away through telephone. Many people do not like writing letters to each other. Besides,the telephone shortens the distance between oceans and continents as people living in different continents can talk over the telephone. In addition, the telephone has also contributedgreatly to efficient communication in the world business. And nowadays, the Internet brings us more convenience. Par. 2• I had a terrible morning today. I didn’t get enough sleep last night. I tripped over a curb on my way to my political science class and tore my raincoat. In the middle of a class, I discovered I had left my physics assignment in my locker. At the end of the class, the professor would not let me go to lunch on time. I had not turned in my assignment, and he wanted to talk it over with me. The professor was always strict with his students and I was always afraid of him. I heard that he was also very strict with his own children. IV. Coherencethe form of expression in a clear, logical order smooth and natural transition ways to achieve coherence ways to achieve coherence repetition (of words, phrases, patterns) use of pronouns & signals V. Unit summary and Assignment1.Unit summary 2. AssignmentFinish Task 5, Task 6 and Task 7 on pages 68-70 of the textbook A good paragraphtopic sentencesupportingsentences concluding sentencetopiccontrolling ideacoherencefour waysrestatementinference Part Four The ParagraphII. Steps in writing a paragraphI. Topic sentence II. Supporting sentences III. Arrangement of the detailsunitycoherence Practice: paragraph writing• Chinese Singles' Day•What do you know about it? Write a paragraph about this special day with the topic sentence: Singles' Day is a special day for Chinese, especiallyfor university students. •origin , the four "1"s ; e-commerce, promotion, half-price, Relevant words and expressions the singular digits , bare sticks,the Chinese word "guanggun," or "bachelor”commerce giant, Alibaba Group – Taobao and Tmallonline vendors, transactions •Singles' Day is a special day for Chinese, especially for university students. It falls on November 11, and gets its name from the four "1"s that make up the date. Because the singular digits look like four bare sticks, which sounds similar to the Chinese word "guanggun," or "bachelor“, the digits are said to represent single people. •Singles' Day originated with university students, and waslater adopted by e-commerce companies as a promotional opportunity. Alibaba began to hold Singles' Day promotions in 2009. On Sunday, Nov. 11, falls this year’s singles’ day. The e-commerce giant Alibaba Group – Taobao and Tmall initiated the half-price promotion, which attracted tens of millions of online vendors. In the first 30 minutes of the promotion, 930 million yuan worth of sales were made — more than the total retail sales in Hong Kong per day in August. In less than 14 hours, the sales hit 10 billion yuan, exceeding what Cyber Monday registered last year. By 7 pm on Sunday, 14.1 billionyuan of transactions were made on Tmall and Taobao, the two online shopping websites of Alibaba. It is the Chinese answer to Cyber Monday in the United States. III. Ways of Developing Paragraphs1.Development by time 2. (in chronological order)3.2. Development by space4. (in spatial order) 5.3. Development by exles6. (exemplification)7.4. Development by Comparison and Contrast8.5. Development by cause and effect9. …… • Task 1Write a paragraph to narrate the incident with the following topic sentence: A blog post by Shanghai No. 2 Subway authorities caused an uproar. Task 2Your view on the issue: who will be blamed?(discussion and writing) Sexy dresser ? Subway authority? Responsibility of the government to deal with indecent behaviors and obscene assaults ? •A micro blog , post, the Shanghai No 2 Subwayattach a picture, a semi-transparent dressthe metro platformurge , to dress in a “dignified” manner, sexual assaults"It is no wonder if you dress like this in the subway and get harassed. an uproar among netizens, Sina Weibo •Forward, more than 10,000 times, ire and criticism online•on June 24, two women in Shanghai, outraged, staged a protest• "Yes to coolness, no to perversion," •"I can be coquettish, but you can't harass me," adding fuel to the already volatile debate. Reference version for Task 1•A micro blog by the Shanghai No 2 Subway urging female passengers to dress in a “dignified” manner to avoid sexual assaults has caused an uproar among netizens on Sina Weibo. The blog attached a picture of a woman wearing a semi-transparent dress, standing on the metro platform. It wrote, "It is no wonder if you dress like this in the subway and get harassed. Girls, please be dignified to avoid perverts." •It was forwarded more than 10,000 times, drawing ire and criticism online. On June 24, two women in Shanghai, outraged about the micro blog, staged a protest in the subway with their faces covered, holding signs saying, "Yes to coolness, no to perversion," and "I can be coquettish, but you can't harass me" , which added fuel to the already volatile debate. • Tianjin No. 1 Intermediate People's Court after the trial August 22, 2011. Reading, Discussion and Writing I. Related incidentsII. A dilemma: to help, or not to help?Your choice and reasons for it? •Related words and phrases: •on the scene, lack solid evidence, surveillance video, witnesses, for fear of, knock sb. down, be falsely accused of,•be sued for compensation, defendant, shoulder responsibility for, •be convicted, suffer legal and financial penalties •pedestrians , offered help , lend sb. a hand, onlooker, stand idly , indifference, prevail, •called the police, first-aid center •My values cannot be changed by one or two extreme cases. If help is needed, I will not hesitate, even if it means being framed, because my helping hand is for my conscience and for those who suffer. However, I understand those kind-hearted people who doubt whether their benevolence is worthy and I respect their choices. III. Further discussionanalysis of the phenomena and measures to take •Are there fewer "good people" in society today? •Should China protect its good Samaritans and punish those who don't help? •loss of credibility •decline of conscience, benevolence , ethics •Measures and responses to them•Social ethics gets out of hand once and again. Even old people are not ashamed to frame others. Even judicial authorities give up their criteria and settle for less. Judges share the ridiculous logic of "no wrongdoing, no help." A danger in helping others is recognized by more and more people. Indifference prevails in the whole society. •Good Samaritan Award Protection Regulations•Upgraded their reward and pension levels for good Samaritan•legal protection should be given if a Samaritan is falsely accused of•those who falsely accuse others should be punished•those who refuse to help others in danger should be held accountable, refusing to help others in danger should be considered a crime. •View 1 •It should be considered cautiously. The first two are good, because they protect and reward Samaritans. Bringing those who falsely accuse others are also fine. However, being a good Samaritan is a matter of ethics, if we simply ordain refusing to help as a crime, it can potentially infringe upon people’s democratic rights. He or she just doesn’t do good deed, he doesn’t do anything bad, either. •View 2•From a legal point, I think inappropriate to make it a crime. In the field of law, for a failure of action to constitute a crime, it requires certain conditions. First of all, you should make the action an obligation. If we obscure the boundary between law and ethics, and bring the ethical thing into the domain of laws, the effect of the law will be weakened. •View 3 •Courageous deeds are encouraged in ethics. People did not say they would not help, but dare not to do so. So laws should protect good Samaritans, rather than punish those who do not help. In doing so, law is able to guide ethics. The process of protecting and awarding good Samaritan is a process of guiding ethics. 。
