大学生英语竞赛-词汇与结构.ppt

2021/5/231该部分包含三种题型：词汇题、语法题、情景对话题出题形式为多项选择题（multiple choice)1、词汇题熟练掌握《大学英语教学大纲》基本要求的4795个单词，700个短语，最好达到较高要求的6395个单词，1200个短语测试词义辨析固定搭配习惯用语2021/5/2322、语法题考查基础语法知识：词类（冠词、代词、形容词和副词等）谓语动词的时态、语态非谓语动词（包括独立主格结构）虚拟语气复合句（名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句）倒装句2021/5/2333、情景对话提供一定的语境，考查口语交际能力以多项选择形式补全对话2021/5/23415道题每题1分10钟时间2021/5/235词汇题：考虑选项在句子上下文的含义注意词语本身用法上的特点，注意词或词组意义之间的细微差别及词的固定搭配等陌生词，可以从词的构词法（即前缀，词干，后缀）来确定词义，有时还可以从语感上读起来是否通顺来做出选择2021/5/236语法结构题：明确所考的语法内容回忆该项语法要点并做出选择如：做时态考题时，首先要看句中所提供的时间状语或已给的谓语动词的时态进行比较；若要求用非谓语动词，则要先考虑其在句中的语法功能，即作什么句子成分，还应考虑到它与谓语动词、逻辑主语和其他词类之间的搭配关系等。

2021/5/237一、词汇二、语法2021/5/238一、前缀：一、前缀：1. 1.表示否定意义的前缀表示否定意义的前缀1) 1)纯否定前缀纯否定前缀dis- , dishonest, dislikein-, ig-, il-, im-, ir-: incapable, inability, ignoble, impossible, immoral, illegal, irregularne-, n-, none, neither, nevernon-, nonsenseneg-, neglectun- , unable, unemployment2021/5/2392)2)表示错误的意义表示错误的意义male-, mal-, malfunction, maladjustment(失调)mis-, mistake, misleadpseudo-, pseudonym(假名), pseudoscience3)3)表示反动作的意思表示反动作的意思de-, defend, demodulation(解调)dis-, disarm, disconnectun-, unload, uncover2021/5/23104)4)表示相反，相互对立意思表示相反，相互对立意思anti-, ant- antiknock( 防震), antiforeign,(排外的)contra-, contre-, contro-, contradiction, controflow(逆流)counter-, counterreaction, counterbalanceob-, oc-, of-, op-, object, oppose, occupywith-, withdraw, withstand2021/5/23112. 2. 表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀1)a- 表示“在……之上”，“向……”aboard, aside,2)by- 表示“附近，邻近，边侧”bypath, bypass(弯路)3)circum-, circu-, 表示“周围，环绕，回转”circumstance, circuit4)de-, 表示“在下，向下”descend, degrade5)en-, 表示“在内，进入”encage, enbed(上床)6)ex-, ec-, es-, 表示“外部，外”exit, eclipse, expand, export2021/5/23127)extra-, 表示“额外”extraction （提取）8)fore- 表示“在前面”forehead, foreground9)in-, il-, im-, ir-, 表示“向内，在内，背于”inland, invade, inside, import10)inter-, intel-, 表示“在……间，相互”international, interaction, internet11)intro-, 表示“向内，在内，内侧”introduce, introduce12)medi-, med-, mid-, 表示“中，中间”Mediterranean, midposition2021/5/231313)out-, 表示“在上面，在外部，在外”outline, outside, outward14)over-, 表示“在上面，在外部，向上”overlook, overhead, overboard15)post-, 表示“向后，在后边，次”postscript(附言)，16)pre-, 表示"在前”在前面”prefix, preface, preposition17)pro-, 表示“在前，向前”progress, proceed,2021/5/231418)sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, 表示“在下面，下”subway, submarine, suffix, suppress, supplement19)super-, sur-, 表示“在…..之上”superficial, surface, superstructure20)trans-, 表示“移上，转上，在那一边”translate, transform, transoceanic21)under-, 表示“在…..下面，下的”underline, underground, underwater22)up-, 表示“向上，向上面，在上”upward, uphold, uphill(上坡)2021/5/23157. 7. 表示分离，离开意思的前缀表示分离，离开意思的前缀1)a- ab-, abs-,表示“分离，离开” away, apart, abstract, (adj.抽象的，v.摘录), abstain (弃权)2)de- 表示“离去，处去”depart, decolour,3)dis-, di-, dif-, 表示“分离，离开” divorce, disarm(缴械)4)ex-, e-, 表示“离开，分离”: expel, exclude, expatriate(驱出国外)5)for- 表示“离开，脱离”forget, forgive2021/5/231611. 11. 表示数量关系的前缀表示数量关系的前缀1)表示“单一”，“一”mono-, monotone(单调)，monopoly(垄断)uni-, un-, uniform, unicellular(单细胞)2)表示“二，两，双”ambi-, ambiguous, amphibian(两栖类)bi-, bicycle, di-, dioxide(二氧化碳)，3)表示“十”deca, deco-, dec- deci-, decade, decimals4)表示"百，百分子一" hecto-, hect-, hectometer,centi-, centimeter5)表示"千，千分子一” kilo-, kilometer2021/5/23176)表示"万，万分子一”myria-, myri-, myriametremega-, meg-, megabytemicro-, microvolt (微伏特)7)表示"许多，复，多数”multi-, mult-, multipmetre (万用表)poly-, polysyllable,8)表示“半，一半”hemi-, hemispheresemi-, semiconductor, semitransparent2021/5/2318二、二、后缀后缀1. 1. 名词后缀名词后缀(1) (1) 具有某种职业或动作的人具有某种职业或动作的人 1)-an, -ain, 表示"……地方的人，精通……的人”American, historian, 2)-al, 表示"具有……职务的人" principal, 3)-ant,-ent, 表示"……者” merchant, agent, servant, student, 4)-ar, 表示"……的人” scholar, liar, peddler 5)-ard, -art, 表示"做……的人”coward, laggard, braggart(夸张者)6)-arian, 表示"……派别的人， ……主义的人”humanitarian, vegetarian2021/5/23197)-ary, 表示"从事……的人" secretary, missionary8)-ant, 表示"具有……职责的人" candidate, graduate9)-ator, 表示"做……的人" educator, speculator(投机者)10)-crat, 表示"某种政体，主义的支持者" democrat, bureaucrat11)-ee, 表示"动作承受者" employee, examinee12)-eer, 表示"从事于……人" engineer, volunteer13)-er, 表示"从事某种职业的人, 某地区，地方的人" banker, observer, Londoner, villager14)-ese, 表示" ……国人，…..地方的人”Japanese, Cantonese2021/5/232015)-ess, 表示"阴性人称名词， actress, hostess, manageress16)-eur, 表示"……家” amateur, littérateur17)-ian, 表示"……地方人，信仰…….教的人，从事……职业的人”Christian, physician(内科医生)，musician18)-ician, 表示"精通者， ……家，”electrician, magician, technician19)-icist, 表示"……家， …….者, …….能手”physicist, phoneticist, technicist20)-ic, 表示"……者，……师" mechanic, critic21)-ie, 表示"爱，指小" dearie, auntie, lassie(小姑娘)22)-ier, 表示"从事……职业” cavalier, clothier, brazier(黄铜匠)23)-ine, ian, 表示"阴性人称" heroine, ballerina2021/5/232124)-ist, 表示"从事……研究者，信仰……主义者" pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist25)-ive, 表示"动作者，行为者” native, captive26)-logist, 表示"……学家，研究者" biologist, geologist(地质学家)27)-or, 表示"……者" author, doctor, operator,28)-ster, 表示"做…….事情的人”youngster, gamester(赌徒)，songster29)-yer, 表示" 从事……职业者” lawyer2021/5/2322(2) (2) 构成，具有抽象名词的含义构成，具有抽象名词的含义1)-acy, 表示"性质，状态，境遇" accuracy, diplomacy2)-age, 表示"状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称" courage, storage, marriage3)-al, a) 表示"事物的动作，过程”refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approvalb) 表示具体的事物manual, signal, editorial, journal4)-ance, -ence表示"性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度” endurance, importance, diligence, difference, obedience5)-ancy, -ency, 表示"性质，状态，行为，过程" frequency, urgency, efficiency,6)-bility, 表示"动作，性质，状态" possibility, feasibility,7)-craft, 表示"工艺，技巧” woodcraft, handicraft, statecraft（治国策）2021/5/23238)-cracy, 表示“统治，支配” bureaucracy(官僚), democracy9)-cy, 表示“性质，状态，职位，级别” bankruptcy(破产)，supremacy10)-dom, 表示“等级，领域，状态” freedom, kingdom, wisdom11)-ery, -ry, 表示“行为，状态，习性” bravery, bribery, rivalry12)-ety, 表示“性质，状态” variety, dubiety(怀疑)13)-faction, -facture, 表示“作成，……化，作用” satisfaction, manufacture14)-hood, 表示“资格，身份, 年纪，状态” childhood, manhood, falsehood2021/5/232415)-ice, 表示"行为，性质，状态" notice, justice, service16)-ine, 表示"带有抽象概念" medicine, discipline, famine 17)-ing, 表示“动作的过程，结果” building, writing, learning18)-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示“行为的过程，结果，状况” action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction19)-ise, 表示“性质，状态” exercise, merchandise(商业)20)-ism, 表示“制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为” socialism, criticism, colloquialism(口语体), heroism2021/5/232521)-ity, 表示"性质，状态，程度” purity, reality, ability, calamity22)-ment, 表示"行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果 treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument23)-mony, 表示"动作的结果，状态" ceremony, testimony24)-ness, 表示"性质，状态，程度" goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness25)-or, -our, 表示"动作，性质，状态" favor, error,26)-osity, 表示"动作，状态” curiosity27)-ship, 表示"情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业” hardship, membership, friendship2021/5/2326三三、、词根词根1)     aer, ar, 含义是“空气，大气” aeroplane, aerial, 2)     ag, act, ig, 含义是“做，动作” active, agent, reaction, 3)     alt, 含义是“高”， altitude, 4)     alter, altern, altr, 含义是“其它，变更” alternate, 5)     bio, bi, bion, 含义是“生物，生命” biology, bionics(仿生学) 6)     brev, bri, brief, 含义是“短” brief, abbreviation, abridge(节略) 7)     cap, capt, cept, cip, 含义是“取，获” capture, except, concept, capacity2021/5/23278)     ced, ceed, cess, 含义是“行，让步” proceed, succeed, excess(过度) 9)     centr, centr, 含义是“中心” concentrate, eccentric(偏心的) 10)  clain, clam, 含义是“呼喊” claim, proclaim, exclaim 11)  clos, clud, 含义是“闭合” conclude, enclose, include 12)  col, cult, 含义是“耕耘” colony, cultivate, agriculture 13)  cor, cord, 含义是“心” cordial, record, accord 14)  curr, cur, cour, 含义是“跑，动作” current, occur, concurrence(同时发生) 15)  dic, dict, 含义是“说，示” dictate, edit, indicate, predict2021/5/232816)  doc, doct, 含义是“教” doctor, document17)  duc, duct含义是“引导，传导” introduce, produce, conduct, deduct( 推论) 18)  fact, fac, fect, dic, dit, 含义是“做，创造” factory, effect, profit, faculty, perfect 19)  fend, fens, 含义是“打，击” defence, offence 20)  fer, 含义是“搬运，移转” ferry, transfer, defer(迟延) 21)  fin, finit, 含义是“终，极” final, finish, confine 22)  firm, 含义是“坚固” firm, confirm, affirm(断定) 23)  fix, 含义是“固定” prefix, affix(附加) 24)  flect, flex, 含义是“弯曲” flexible, reflex 25)  flor, flour, flower, 含义是“花” flower, flourish2021/5/2329 一、一、冠词冠词二、二、形容词和副词形容词和副词三、虚拟语气四、定语从句五、同位语从句六、六、主语从句主语从句七、七、表语从句表语从句八、倒装句九、状语从句2021/5/23301. 不定冠词的用法　　冠词本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。

英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词，另一种是不定冠词，还有一种是零冠词　　不定冠词a （an）与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]　1） 表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain　2） 代表一类人或物2021/5/23313） 组成词组或成语，如a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try /keep an eye on / all of a sudden等2021/5/23322. 定冠词的用法  　定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思，但意义较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西　1）特指双方都明白的人或物。

　 2）上文提到过的人或事　3）指世上独一物二的事物 　4）与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者2021/5/23335）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体例如：　 They are the teachers of this school.（指全体教师）　 They are teachers of this school.　 （指部分教师）　7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前例如：　　 She caught me by the arm..　她抓住了我的手臂　8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前　9）用在表示乐器的名词之前2021/5/233410） 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人例如：　　 the Greens　 格林一家人 （或格林夫妇）11） 用在惯用语中例如：in the day, in the morning （afternoon，evening）,　the day after tomorrow　 the day before yesterday,　the next morning,　in the sky （water，field，country）　in the dark,　in the rain,　in the distance,　in the middle （of）,　in the end,on the whole,　by the way,　go to the theatre2021/5/23353. 零冠词的用法  1） 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary。

　2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词例如：　　 They are teachers. 他们是教师　3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词例如：　　 Failure is the mother of success.　失败乃成功之母　4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词2021/5/23365）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词　6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词　 The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里　7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词，如have breakfast，play chess 　8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词　　 I can't write without pen or pencil.　没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字2021/5/23379）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词，如by bus，by train 10）有些个体名词不用冠词，如school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。

11）不用冠词的序数词；　 a. 序数词前有物主代词时 　 b. 序数词作副词He came first in the race. 他跑步得了第一　 c. 在固定词组中，如at（the）first, first of all, from first to last等2021/5/23384、 冠词与形容词+名词结构  1） 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同的人或物 He raises a black and a white cat.　他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫The black and the white cats are hers.　这只黑猫和白猫都是他的　2） 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一人或一物He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫2021/5/23395、 冠词位置 1） 不定冠词位置　不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前注意：　　a. 位于such，what，many，half等形容词之后　　 I have never seen such an animal. 我从来没见过这样的动物　　 Many a man is fit for the job. 许多人适合这岗位。

2021/5/2340b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后例如：　　 It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 我从未这么高兴过　　 So short a time 如此短的时间　　 Too long a distance 距离太远了　c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可，如：rather a cold day/a rather cold day2021/5/2341d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后例如：　　 Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖2） 定冠词位置　 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。

例如：　 All the students in the class went out.　班里的所有学生都出去了2021/5/23421.表语形容词： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等2.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序： 限定词--数词--描绘词--（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）--出处--材料性质--类别--名词年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照：限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词，2021/5/2343例如：a small round tablea tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical schoolan expensive Japanese sports car those three beautiful large square old brown wood table。

2021/5/23443. 副词的位置1） 在动词之前2） 在be动词、助动词之后　 3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后注意：　 a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡例如： We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光　 b. 方式副词well，badly，hard等只放在句尾　He speaks English well. 他英语说得好2021/5/23454. 副词的排列顺序：1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接例如：Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些，仔细一些3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词2021/5/2346分类分类虚拟语气分为虚拟语气分为真实条件从句真实条件从句和和非真实条件从句非真实条件从句两两种非真实条件从句所表示的假设是不可能或不种。

非真实条件从句所表示的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中条件从句和主句都需大可能发生或实现的，句中条件从句和主句都需用虚拟语气用虚拟语气2021/5/2347与现在事实相反：与现在事实相反：例如：例如：If I were a bird, I would fly to you. 如果我是只鸟，我就会飞到你身边去 If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position. 如果不是他们的帮忙，我们就会处于一个非常困难的境地从句从句主句主句动词的一般过去式（be用werewould/should/could/might+动词原形2021/5/2348与过去事实相反与过去事实相反 例如：If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train. 如果我们早一点动身的话，就不会误车了 If she hadn’t been ill, she might have come. 如果她不是病了，可能会来的。

从句从句主句主句had +动词过去分词would/should/could/might +had +动词过去分词2021/5/2349与将来事实相反与将来事实相反 例如： If Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions.　　 如果李教授明天有空的话，我们可以问他点问题 If there should be no air, there would be no living things. 如果没有空气，就不会有生物主句主句从句从句1.动词过去式2.were +to +动词原形3.should +动词原形would/should/could/might+动词原形2021/5/2350通常情况下通常情况下, ,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的语动词所指时间是一致的, , 但有时也可能指不同但有时也可能指不同的时间的时间, ,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式语动词形式. . 2021/5/2351 If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)。

　　 换成我是你，我就会听从他的建议 　　If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在) 如果我今天早上带了雨衣，现在就不会被淋湿了 　　If we hadn’t been working hard in the past few years, things wouldn’t be going so smoothly. 　　(从句指过去，主句指现在) 如果过去几年里不努力工作，现在的情况就不会如此顺利了 2021/5/2352 If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句指过去，主句指现在) 如果当时的天气更好点，现在的庄稼就会长得更好。

　　If we had not got everything ready by now, we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow. (从句指现在，主句指将来)　　 如果现在一切还没准备好，明天情况就更糟了2021/5/2353有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来, ,二是二是暗含在上下文中暗含在上下文中, ,比如通过介词短语来表示这比如通过介词短语来表示这些介词常是：些介词常是：but for, without, otherwisebut for, without, otherwise等 2021/5/2354 But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully. 　　 如果不是听了你的建议，我就不会做的如此成功。

　　 The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy. 　　 没有开放的政策，就不会有如此大的变化 　　I was so busy then, Otherwise, I would have told him the answer. 　　 我当时很忙，否则，我就会把答案告诉他的2021/5/2355四、虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用四、虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用1、wishwish后宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法后宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法1 1）对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：）对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：从句用过去式从句用过去式 I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around. 但愿我的家乡四季如春。

I wish I were a bird.(wish, were) 但愿我是只小鸟 2021/5/23562）对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时 He wishes he hadn‘t lost the chance.他真希望没有失去机会2021/5/23573）对将来情况的虚拟对将来情况的虚拟( (表示将来的主观愿望表示将来的主观愿望) )：：从句动词从句动词"would/should/could/might + "would/should/could/might + 动词原动词原形形““ I wish it would stop raining 我希望雨能停止事实上雨还在下着呢) I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)我希望你安静一些事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)2021/5/23582、、suggest, order, demand, propose, command, suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist request, desire, insist 等动词后的宾语从句等动词后的宾语从句. Should +. Should +动词原形，动词原形，should should 可以省略。

可以省略 They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately. 　　 他们要求侵略者立刻撤退 　　I propose that we (should) set a deadline for handing in the plan. 　　 我提议应该制定一个交计划的最后期限 2021/5/23593 3、、it is desired, it’s suggested, it’s requested, it it is desired, it’s suggested, it’s requested, it was ordered that, it was proposed that, it is was ordered that, it was proposed that, it is necessary that, it is important that, it has been necessary that, it is important that, it has been decided that decided that 等之后的主语从句。

等之后的主语从句Should +Should +动词动词原形，原形，should should 可以省略可以省略 2021/5/2360 It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. 有必要立刻派他前往　　 It’s required that Mr. Lee (should) give a performance at the party. 　　 要求李先生在晚会上出个节目 　　It’s desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. 要求我们在今晚前把一切准备好2021/5/23614 4、在、在suggestion, motion, proposal, order, suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendations, plan, idea recommendations, plan, idea 等后面引出的表语等后面引出的表语从句和同位语从句中。

从句和同位语从句中Should +Should +动词原形，动词原形，should should 可以省略可以省略 2021/5/2362 The order came that all villagers evacuate from the village. 　 要求所有村民撤退的命令下达了 　　I second Xiao Li’s motion that we set up a special board to tackle the problem.　　 小李提议成立一个特别委员会处理此问题，我附议 2021/5/23635 5、在下列句型中要用、在下列句型中要用 should +should +动词原形如：动词原形如：it is it is a pity, it is a shame, it is incredible, it is strange, it a pity, it is a shame, it is incredible, it is strange, it is no wonderis no wonder。

It is a great pity that he should be so conceited. 　 很可惜，他这个人竟然这么自大 　　It’s strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings. 　　 奇怪的是他竟看不到自己的缺点2021/5/23646 6、、as if, as though as if, as though 引起的从句，其用法同引起的从句，其用法同 wish wish 构成的构成的宾语从句一样宾语从句一样 　　 I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. 　 我清楚地记得这件事就象昨天刚刚发生的 　　It seems as if it were spring already 似乎现在已经是春天的样子了。

2021/5/23657 7、以、以 lest, for fear that, in case lest, for fear that, in case 引出的从句，动词多引出的从句，动词多用用 should + should + 动词原形，表示动词原形，表示 “ “惟恐惟恐””的意思 He took an umbrella with him lest it should rain. 他带上雨伞以免下雨 　　 He burned all the important documents for fear that they should fall into the enemy‘s hands.　　 他把所有的重要文件全部烧毁以免落入敌人的手中 　　Here’s some money in case you should need it. 这是点钱以免你用地着 2021/5/23668 8、在、在 if only if only 引出的感叹句中引出的感叹句中 　　 If only I hadn’t lost it! 如果我要不丢该多好！ 　　 If only I could see him once! 再能看到他一次该有多好！ 　　 Oh, if he only knew how we miss him! 噢，希望他能知道我是多么思念他！ 2021/5/23679 9、在、在 it is high time that it is high time that 之后的定语从句中，谓语动之后的定语从句中，谓语动词常用过去式表表示虚拟语气。

词常用过去式表表示虚拟语气 　　It is time that we went (should go) to bed. 现在该上床了 　　 It’s high time that we (should) put an end to this controversy. 　　 现在该是结束这场争辩的时候了2021/5/2368充当定语的句子叫定语从句定语从句修饰的名词叫先行词(the antecedent).定语从句由关系代词: who, whom, which, 关系形容词whose 和关系副词when, where, why引导，关系词除了起连接从句和名词的作用外，还作从句的句子成分Who的先行词是人，作定语从句的主语：This is the man who will give us a talk tomorrow.Whom的先行词是人，作定语从句的宾语：This is the man whom I talked about the other day.2021/5/2369Which 的先行词是物，作从句的主语和宾语Here is a book which may be helpful in you English study.This is the book which I like best.上述例句都可改用that.Whose是个关系形容词，在从句中作定语。

A teacher is a person whose duty is to teach.2021/5/2370When, where, why 分别作从句的时间状语、地点状语和原因状语He will never forget the day when the accident took place.This was the room where we studied.Do you know the reason why he was late?2021/5/2371非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词（许多是专有名词），也可以是整个主句，它对先行词不加限定，只起附加说明作用，如果没有，也不影响句意和语法结构非限定性定语从句和先行词书写时有逗号断开Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk with you. 翻译：她又迟到了，真不象话She was late again, which was annoying.2021/5/2372区分限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句很重要。

He has a sister, who is an artist. 他有个妹妹，是个艺术家只有一个）He has a sister who is an artist. 他有个当艺术家的妹妹还有别的）2021/5/2373在such…as…, the same…as…的固定搭配中，such作定语，修饰后面的名词，as是个关系代词，代前面的名词，引出定语从句，并担任从句中的句子成分We will give you such data as will help you in your work. I would like to use the same instrument as was used yesterday.as也可以用作关系副词，代替前面的状语，并作从句的状语He answered with the same simplicity as she asked.2021/5/2374在as many … as的固定搭配中，第一个as是副词，修饰 many，第二个as是关系代词，引导定语从句，并作从句的主语或宾语There are as many books as are needed. 所需要的书都有了。

He has as many books as I have. 他的书和我的一样多2021/5/2375As everyone knows, all that glisters is not gold. 上句中as everyone knows 在意义上是个状语，但在句子结构上却是个非限定性定语从句 As是关系代词，指代整个主句，引导定语从句，并作knows的宾语As is often the case, we have over fulfilled the production plan. 和往常一样，我们又超额完成了生产计划as作从句的主语）2021/5/2376下列习语都是这种非限定性定语从句：As is usual,As has been said beforeAs may be imaginedAs is well knownAs often happensAs will be shown in …As has been pointed outAs has been explained in …As we all can see2021/5/2377非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可 以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可修饰整个句 子。

非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，引 导非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略 1. Li Ping's father, who works in a factory, is an engineer.2. He tore up my photo, which made me very angry. 限制性定语从句与非限制性限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句定语从句2021/5/23781) 当先行词既包括人又包括物时•He talked about the men and the books that attracted him.2) 先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no 修饰These are the very points that interest me.用用that的场合的场合2021/5/2379(3) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰The first step that we are to take is very difficult.(4) 先行词是指物的不定代词all, little, few, much,及everything, anything, nothingThere is still much that can be done about it(5) 先行词是whoWho that have seen him does not like him?2021/5/23801）非限制性定语从句中  Last night , I saw a very good film, which was about the Long March . 2）介词放在关系代词之前 This is the man from whom I learnt the news.3）句中出现了that，或先行词是that I have found that which I was looking for.不用不用that的场合的场合2021/5/2381(1) 介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配：Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands (shake hands with…是习惯性搭配)“介词＋关系代词介词＋关系代词”用法用法2021/5/2382(2) 介词和先行词的搭配He built a telescope through which he could study the skies. (through which 即through the telescope)(3) 当关系代词作“动词＋介词”固定短语的宾语时，此时固定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。

This is the watch which you're looking for2021/5/2383(1) Situation后常用where, in which引导定语从句Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word?(2) way(方式，方法)后常用in which或that或 how引导定语从句，也可省略Do you know the way (in which /that /how) he worked out the problem? 几个名词后的引导词几个名词后的引导词2021/5/2384(3) “the same＋名词”，“such＋名词”，“as＋名词”后通常用as引导定语从句I have the same dictionary as you (have).Such a book as you bought is not worth buying.2021/5/2385同位语从句以连接词that 引导，说明它前面名词的具体内容Fact, truth, dream, advice, plan, idea, hope, discussion, suggestion, thought, news, rumor, fear, doubt, belief, confidence 等词后面接同位语从句。

I have an idea that he will be late.Is there any proof that the book is his?There is little possibility that they will succeed in the attempt. 2021/5/2386同位语从句有时由疑问词引出：Now let’s come to the question when he did it.引导同位语从句的such as应和引导定语从句的such…as区别开：There are different forms of energy, such as heat energy, sound energy, electric energy, and chemical energy.2021/5/2387注意：不是表时间的先行词都用when引导定从，不是表地点的先行词都用where引导定从例如：We'll visit the factory which makes radios.(which或that在定从中作主语，where不可用主语，故不可用)They still remember the happy days (which/that) they spent in Beidaihe.(which或that在定从中作spent的宾语，when不可作宾语，故不可用)2021/5/2388在复合句中，起主语作用的句子称为主主语语从从句句。

主语从句可以由下列从属连词、连接代词和连接副词引导，且不能省略从属连词：that, whether连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever连接副词：when, where, how, why2021/5/23891. 主语从句的语序要求使用陈述句语序，而非一般疑问句语序翻译：犯人是如何逃脱的是个谜How the prisoner escaped is a mystery.2. 引导主语从句，不能用if，只能用whether翻译：我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather. 2021/5/2390主语从句可以直接放在主语位置上，也可以用形式主语it代替并置于句首，而把从句后置，尤其是当谓语较短时但what引导的主语从句，在表示“所…的事情”时，不用形式主语指代whoever, whatever, whichever在引导主语从句时，也不能用形式主语it指代。

2021/5/2391（（1））It＋＋be＋名词＋＋名词＋that从句从句 It is a pity that… 遗憾的是…  It is no wonder that … …不足为奇，难怪…【例句】 It is a pity that I missed the concert last week.2021/5/2392（（2））It＋＋be＋形容词＋＋形容词＋that-从句从句It is important that…重要的是……It is obvious that…　 很显然……　 It is likely that…　有可能……　 It is essential that…　必要的是……【例句】 It is necessary that we students should read English aloud every morning.注注 意意 ：： 当 形 容 词 为 necessary, important, essential等 时 ， 从 句 谓 语 动 词 多 为 “(should)＋动词原形”，即要用虚拟语气 2021/5/2393（（3））It＋不及物动词＋＋不及物动词＋that从句从句It appears (seems) that…　似乎……It happens that…　碰巧……It turned out… 结果……It follows that … 由此可见……It occurred to me that…　我突然想起……【例句】It suddenly occurred to me that we could use a computer to do the job. 2021/5/2394（（4））It＋＋be＋动词的过去分词＋＋动词的过去分词＋that从句从句It is believed that…　人们相信……It is estimated that… 据估计……It is known to all that…　众所周知……It has been decided that…　已决定……【例句】 It is known to all that the Earth goes round the Sun.2021/5/2395（（5））It＋＋be＋动词的过去分词＋＋动词的过去分词＋ wh-从句从句It has not been decided wh-从句　　尚未决定……It has not been made clear wh-从句 还没弄清楚……【例句】 It has not been decided when the highway will be open to traffic.2021/5/23961. 1. 由由从从属属连连词词that，，whether引引导导的的表表语语从从句句。

that本身无意义，有时可省略whether可以与or或or not连用)The problem is (that) we can’t come up with a better solution.The problem is whether we can carry out the plan（or not). 2021/5/23972. 2. 由由连连接接代代词词what, which, who, whom, whose引引导导的的表表语语从从句句这些连接代词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分)The problem is which textbook we should recommend for this course. 2021/5/23983. 由由连连接接副副词词when, where, why, how等等引引导导的的表语从句表语从句【例句】This is where they once lived.2021/5/23994. 由由连连词词because, as“像像…那那样样”，，as if / though“好像好像”引导的表语从句。

引导的表语从句【例1】It's just because he doesn't know her. 【例2】Things are not always as they seem to be. 【例3】It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.2021/5/231001）what引导的主语从句表示结果时，或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用becauseWhat cost him his life was that he was too careless.The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me.2021/5/231012）“It (This, That) is because …”表示“这是因为…”，“这是由于…的缘故”This (That) is why…”表示“这是由于…的原因”前者强调原因，后者强调结果That's because he didn't understand me.That's why he got angry with me.2021/5/23102概述：倒装是一种语法手段，用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。

倒装句有两种：1.完全倒装 2. 部分倒装例如：Here comes the train to Beijing.（完全）So little did I know about stock exchange that the lecture was completely beyond me.（部分）2021/5/23103概述：全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时 常见的结构有 ：1） here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run 例如：There goes the bell; Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2021/5/231042) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词例如：At the front of the hall sat the headmaster. Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Notes:上述完全倒装句型中的主语必须是名词；主语如是人称代词，则不能完全倒装。

如：2021/5/23105Here he comes. Away they went.2021/5/23106概述：部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前 1）句首为否定或半否定的词语或短语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until…，Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than 等如： Never have I seen such a performance. 2021/5/23107Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.  Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit herNot until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. (当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装 )2021/5/23108Notes: (1). 如否定词不在句首不倒装。

I have never seen such a performance. The mother didn’t leave the room until the child fell asleep.  (2). 只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构 Not only you but also I am fond of music. 2021/5/231092). so, neither, norso, neither, nor引起的部分倒装引起的部分倒装 表示“也”、“也不” 的句子要部分倒装如：　　　　　　Tom can speak French. So can Jack.　　If you won't go, neither will I.Notes : 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构意为"的确如此"　 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.　 ---It's raining hard.　　　---So it is.2021/5/231103 3））onlyonly在句首引起倒装的情况在句首引起倒装的情况  如：Only in this way, can you learn English well. Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. Notes：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。

如： Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 2021/5/231114 4））as, though as, though 引导的倒装句引导的倒装句  as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）如: Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. Strange though it may sound, I was pleased it was over. 2021/5/231125 5）其他部分倒装）其他部分倒装 (1)　 so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装　　 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch .(2)　在某些表示祝愿的句型中：　　May you all be happy.(3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, 2021/5/23113had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。

Were I you, I would try it again. Should you leave tonight, you might arrive in Shanghai tomorrow morning. Had he taken the advice of his friends, he would not suffered such a heavy loss in business. 2021/5/231142021/5/23115时间状语从句一般不和将来时连用如果主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来；如果主句是过去将来时，从句用一般过去时表示过去将来时；如果主句是一般过去时，从句用一般过去时 2021/5/23116when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, once, every time, each time, hardly (scarcely)…when(一…就), no sooner…than(一…就), as soon as(一…就), instantly (directly, immediately(一…就), the instant (moment, minute, second)(一…就), 2021/5/231171）when, whenever, as 和while （1）when, as和while（正当……的时候）均表示某事发生的过程中另一事又发生，从句谓语动词所表示的动作一般都是持续的，但while持续的时间较长。

例句】When (While / As) I was sleeping, he came in.2021/5/23118三个词都可以表示主、从句的动作同时发生，从句所表示的时间均是一段时间（2）when既可引导一持续性动作所，又可引导一短暂性动作它可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，或是从句的动作发生在主句动作之前【例】My vacation begins next Tuesday, _____ I will leave for Florida. 2021/5/23119（3）whenever意为“无论什么时候，每当……”例】You can come over whenever you have free time. （4）as强调主句和从句的动作在同一时间或一先一后紧接着发生；还可表示某事发生的过程中另一事发生，从句可用进行时态；有时还表示“随着”的含义【例】He gets more attractive as he gets older.2021/5/23120（5）while指的是“在某一段时间里”、“在……期间”，所指时间范围较大一些while只能表示持续性的动作或状态，它也强调主句和从句动作同时发生。

例】Her neighbor came to look after her child while she was away. 2021/5/23121（6）有时，when引导的从句位于主句之后，相当于一个由and连接的并列分句，这里只能用when，意为“这时，那时，然后”等例】He was about to leave when the telephone rang.2021/5/231222）表示“一……就……”的连词和词组 （1）表示“一……就……”的连词有as soon as, hardly…when, scarcely…when, no sooner…than等例】I will write to you as soon as I get home.2021/5/23123（2）表示“一……就……”的词组有the instant, the moment, the minute, the second, instantly, directly, immediately等【例】I fell in love with the pretty girl the moment I saw her. 2021/5/23124（3）as soon as引导的从句中的谓语动词常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，或用一般过去时态表示过去将来时。

【例】I would tell him the news as soon as I saw him.2021/5/23125（4）hardly…when, scarcely…when, no sooner…than的意义相当于as soon as，引导时间状语从句时，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，主句谓语动词用过去完成时hardly, scarcely及no sooner位于句首时，主句则要部分倒装【例2】Hardly / Scarcely had we got home when it begain to rain.【例3】No sooner had she entered the house than the telephone rang. 2021/5/23126 3）since时间状语的用法 （1）since引导的时间状语从句谓语动词用一般过去时，主句用完成时【例】Since he left the university, he has been working in an accounting company. （2）since常用于“It is / has been …(一段时间)＋since状语从句(从句谓语动词用一般过去时)”的固定句型中，意为：“自…以来…有多久了。

【例】No one can possibly recall any detail about the meeting. It is at least 5 years since it took place . 2021/5/231274）before时间状语的用法before引导的时间状语从句中，从句动作通常发生在主句动作之后，主句用将来时，从句用现在时；若从句是过去时，主句可用过去完成时或一般过去时从句谓语不可用否定式其用法见下表： 2021/5/23128含义例句在……之前 He forget to turn off the light before he left the classroom.……(之后)才It was a long time before I went to sleep again.(不多久)就 I hadn’t waited long before he came back.不等……就 The postman left before I could say thank you to him.2021/5/23129till和until 表示的意义相同，在使用上要注意以下几点： （1）用于肯定句中，表示“直到……为止”，主句谓语动词必须是延续性的。

 【例句】We had lived in this house for three years till / until my father decided to have us move to a new neighborhood. 2021/5/23130（2）用于否定句中，表示“直到……才”，主句谓语动词为延续性或非延续性都可以【例句】Don’t get off the bus until / till it has stopped. （3）till和until的区别在于：until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首【例句】Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 2021/5/23131（4）如果not until置于句首时，可引起主句部分倒装【例句】Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. （5）not until还可用于强调结构It is not until ... that …中。

【例句】It was not until midnight that they discovered the children were not in their beds.2021/5/23132 1）because, since, as和 for  （1）because语气最强，用来回答why的问题，通常用来表示人所不知的原因或有关某事的直接原因because 引导的从句一般位于句首，但是当because从句表示理由时，只能放在主句后面2021/5/23133【例1】—Why were you late this morning? —Because there was a traffic jam on my way to school.【例2】Because he broke the law, he was punished.【例3】She probably didn’t attend the ceremony because I didn’t see her in the hall.2021/5/23134（2）since 表示一种显而易见的原因或人们已知的事实，常译作“既然”，语气比as 稍强。

since引导的从句通常位于句首【例句】Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, Mr. Smith wants to give Johnson a chance. （3）as表示原因的语气最弱，表示明显的，双方都知道的理由或原因as引导的从句通常放在句首【例句】As it is raining today, the sports meeting has to be put off.2021/5/23135（4）for是并列连词，只用于连接表示原因的分句引导的分句不可放在句首，主要放在两个并列句之间，而且前面常有逗号隔开for表示推断的原因，对前一分句补充说明理由【例句】He must be ill, for he is absent today.  （5）在强调句中，强调原因状语只能用“it is because that”结构，这里的because不能换成since, as或for【例句】It is because he is kind and modest what he wins the respect of others.2021/5/231362）now that, since和asnow that与since, as意思相近，也是“既然”的意思，不过语气较since弱。

now that用来说明一种新情况，然后再加以推论，从句与主句的因果关系很小，而since和as连接的句子因果关系比较明显that在口语里可以省去【例句】Now (that) you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. 2021/5/23137连接词主要有 if, unless (=if not), as / so long as, on condition that等if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述，在此不再赘述条件状语从句一般不和将来时连用，通常用相应的一般时态来表示(与时间状语从句相同)【例句】I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow. 2021/5/231381）providing, provided (that), suppose (that), as long as, on condition that和in case这些连词(词组)意思相近，有“如果，只要，假如，假使，在…条件下”等意义。

【例1】So (As) long as you keep on trying, you are sure to succeed. 【例2】Suppose / Supposing (that) you are the manager, what are you going to do?2021/5/23139【例3】We will pay the bonus on condition that the job is completed on time.【例4】In case John comes, please tell him to wait.(注意：注意：in case of 后接名词，意为“万一，假如”，in the case of 意为“就……来说”)【例5】We'll be only too glad to attend your party provided that we can get a baby-sitter.2021/5/231402）given that，意为“假定；如果考虑到”【例句】Given that he is inexperienced he has done quite a good job.2021/5/231413）only if和 if onlyonly if 引导的从句用陈述语气，意为“只要……”；if only引导的从句要用虚拟语气，意为“但愿……,要是……就好了”。

比较：We’ll help those in trouble only if they tell us the truth.If only I had known it, I wouldn’t have troubled him. 2021/5/23142目的状语从句中的谓语常含有may (might), can (could), should, will等情态动词通常主句在前，从句在后，主句和从句之间没有逗号【例句】You must speak louder so that / in order that you can make yourself heard by all. 2021/5/23143lest, for fear that和 in case，意思均为“以防，以免”区别如下： （1）lest从句一般要用虚拟语气，形式为“should +动词原形”，should可省略【例句】She wrote everything down lest she (should) forget. 2021/5/23144（2）for fear that从句和in case从句一般用虚拟语气，但有时也可以用陈述语气。

【例1】The child hid himself behind the curtain for fear that his sister should find (find) him.【例2】We will have to put off our departure in case it rains.2021/5/231451）so…that与such…that，意思均为“如此…以致…”，区别如下： （1）so...that结构中的so为副词，后面跟形容词或副词；such...that中的such为形容词，后面接名词（名词前可以有形容词或副词修饰）【例1】It was such a fine day that we went out for a walk.【例2】He was so excited after hearing the news that he could not fall asleep immediately. 2021/5/23146（2）当that前的名词有表示数量多少的many, much, few, little等修饰时，只能用so，不能用such。

【例句】There was so much noise that we could not hear what the teacher said. （3）当that前的名词有表示数量多少的a lot of 或lots of等修饰时，只能用such，不能用so【例句】There are such a lot of people in the hall that we could not get in.2021/5/23147（4）当that前是单数可数名词且该名词前面有形容词修饰时，so与such可以互换, 即：so＋adj.＋a/an＋n.＝such＋a/an＋adj.＋n.【例句】She is so good a teacher that we all love and respect her.＝She is such a good teacher that we all love and respect her.2021/5/23148（5）当that前是不可数名词或复数可数名词时，则必须用such，不能用so来代替【例1】It was such fine weather that they all went swimming.【例2】They are such diligent students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations. 2021/5/231492）so that引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句的区别 （1）根据句子的结构来判断。

so that引导目的状语从句时，表示“以便；为了”，从句中常使用can / could / may / might / will / would / should等情态动词或助动词；引导结果状语从句时，从句中一般不含情态动词，在so that前可以用逗号，意思是“以致于、结果”2021/5/23150（2）根据上下文及句子所表达的意思来判断试比较：She hurried to the station, so that she caught the bus.She hurried to the station so that she could catch the bus. 2021/5/23151让步状语从句可以放在主句前或主句后让步状语从句的要点如下：  1）though, although, even if(though) 和as （1）though和although同义，意为“虽然”，用法基本一样但 though更通俗、口语化，although较正式，多置于句首2021/5/23152【例句】 Although they are small, the horses are strong and have great energy.（2）even if 和even though意为“即使”、“纵然”，有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语。

【例句】Even if you disagree with her, her idea is still worth considering.2021/5/23153（3）as引导的让步状语从句比though和although引导的让步状语从句语气更强as引导让步状语从句时，从句语序必须部分倒装【例句】Strong as he is he felt tired out after the long journey for eight hours. 2021/5/231542）连词whether一般引导名词性从句当引导让步状语从句时，必须用逗号和主句分开，而且其前边可以加no matter【例句】You’ll have to do it, (no matter) whether you like it or not. 2021/5/231553）whatever, whenever, whoever, whichever和however引导让步状语从句, 相当于no matter what (when, where, who, which,和how)，意思是：“无论什么，无论何时，无论何处，无论谁，无论哪一个，无论如何”，表示无论在什么条件下进行随意的选择。

【例1】Whatever (No matter what) happens, we shall never lose our heart.2021/5/231561）as…as, the same as和such…as 用于表示同等程度的比较，否定句用not so(as)…as, not the same…as, not such…as【例1】The movie was not so interesting as we had expected.【例2】She sings too loudly, the same as her teacher does. 2021/5/23157 2）as和than 连接的比较状语从句常常省去与主句相同的部分，只留下相比的部分【例句】Actions speak louder than words. 3）在as和than连接的从句中，常用替代词do或其它助动词或情态动词的某种形式代替与主句相同的谓语部分例句】Emily studies as hard as Amy does.2021/5/231581）as引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后。

just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句常位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是 “犹如……”，“就像”，多用于正式文体【例1】The child did everything as he was told to.【例2】Just as the moon goes round the earth, so the earth revolves around the sun.2021/5/231592）as if, as though两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大汉语常译作 “仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”【例句】It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.2021/5/23160部分资料从网络收集整理而来，供大家参考，感谢您的关注！。