英语语法之词类概括.doc

第一章词类概况让我们从词开始学习英语语法词汇是语言的基本要素词汇量是否丰富意味着对语言掌握程度的高低英语中的词汇主要有实词和虚词两大家族一、词类英语中所有的词汇 可分成十大类，每类词汇在句子中都有其特定的位置和作用，因此分清每一个单词的词类对于学好英语具有非常关键的意义这十大词类是：1.名词(noun)：是表示人或事物(包括专有名词和普通名词)的名称的词如：teacher, China等2.形容词(adjective)：是表示人或事物特征的词如：good, nice, beautiful 等3.副词(adverb)：是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词如：slowly, much, fast 等4.代词(pronoun)：是代替名词和数词的词如：she, our, one等5.数词(numeral)：是表示数量和顺序的词如：eight, thirteen, fifth, first 等6.动词(verb)：是表示动作或状态的词如：run, make, look, get等7.冠词(article)：与名词连用，是起说明人或事物的作用的词如：the, a, an 等8.介词(preposition)：通常置于名词和代词(宾格)之前，表示名词或代词与其他词的关系 。

如：in, on, at, about, through 等9.连词(conjunction)：是一种连接词与词或者句子与句子的词如：and, but, because 等 10.感叹词(interjection)：是表示说话人的感情或语气的词如：hello, oh, hey 等注意：在上面的十种词类中，名词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、动词这六种属于实词，即可以在句子中独立充当一种成分，并具有实际意义名词、代词和数词可以作主语和宾语； 动词可以在句子中作谓语；形容词可以作定语、表语；副词可以作状语冠词、介词、连词和感叹词这四种词类属于虚词，不能在句子中独立充当任何成分二、词类的相互转化英语中，有的词可以具有几种词性，而某种词性的确定取决于该词在句子之中的用法1.动词与形容词的相互转化例：Mother cleans the house every Saturday.妈妈每周六打扫房子动词)Her room is very clean.她的房间非常干净形容词)例：Open the door,please.请把门打开动词)The door is open now.门现在是开着的形容词)例：Empty the glass!干杯!(动词)The city was empty.那座城市空无一人。

形容词)2.动词与名词的相互转化例：They talk about their journey happily.他们兴高采烈地谈论他们的旅程动词)Mr. Li wants to have a talk with you.李老师想要与你交谈一下名词)例：It often snows heavily at this time of every year.年年这个时候经常下大雪动词)The ground was covered with snow.大地被白雪覆盖名词)例：Did they test your car yesterday?他们昨天检测你的车了吗?(动词)She didn't pass the test for driving licence.她没有通过驾照考试名词)注意：一些动词转化为名词时，经常与 take 或 have 连用而意思不变例：She will try her best to finish running five thousand meters.她将会尽力跑完五千米动词)Will you have a try ?你想要试一下吗?(名词)例：Do you like to swim in winter?你喜欢冬泳吗?(动词)I seldom have a swim in winter.冬天我很少游泳。

名词)例：Don't call me after ten at night.晚上超过10点别给我打动词)Her mother enjoyed making calls at night.她妈妈喜欢晚上打名词)3.名词与形容词的相互转化例：Who is the girl in yellow by the door?门口那个穿黄色衣服的女孩是谁?(名词)The yellow bike outside the door is mine.门外边的那辆黄色的自行车是我的形容词)例：Will they have another round of diplomatic talks next month?他们下个月要进行另一轮外交谈判吗?(名词)The earth is round.地球是圆的形容词)例：Can you see the big square of grass in the cent re of the city?你能看见市中心的那一大块正方形的草地吗?(名词)In writing, we should first ask the children to make characters square and upright.在书写方面，我们应该首先要求孩子们把字写得方方正正。

形容词)4.名词与副词的相互转化例：There is a big blackboard at the back of the classroom.教室的后面有一块大黑板名词)When will you come back?你什么时候回来?(副词)例：The post office is just on the right.邮局就在右边名词)Turn right, you will find the hospital.往右拐，你就看见医院了副词)例：The school is not far from my home.学校离我家不远名词)Her father always goes to work early and comes home late.她的父亲总是早出晚归的副词)5.副词与形容词的相互转化例：Why does his father often come home late?他的父亲为什么经常很晚才回家?(副词)He is often late for school.他上学总迟到形容词)例：The room is big enough to hold at least twenty people. 这间屋子大得至少可以容下20个人。

副词)Do you have enough time to finish all these exercises?你有足够的时糳去完成所有这些习题吗?(形容词)例：The little girl swims very well.这个小姑娘游泳非常好副词)I am very well today.我今天很好形容词)6.副词与介词的相互转化例：He will fall behind in his English study if he doesn't work harder.他如果不再努一把力，他的英语就落下了副词)She was sitting just behind me.她那时就坐在我的后面介词)例：The car passed by with sharp noise.那辆车带着刺耳的声音开了过去副词)I looked round and saw her sitting by the window.我环视四周，看见她正在窗户边坐着介词)例：The teacher told him to go on with the next paragraph. 老师让他继续读下一段课文副词)On the top of the monument, there is a statue of seagulls.在纪念碑的顶部，有一座海鸥雕像。

介词)三、英语词汇中的合成词和派生词1.合成词将两个或者两个以上的词组合在一起而形成的新的词，叫作合成词1)合成词常见的构成方式①直接组合成为一个词play+ground→playground 操场post+card→postcard 明信片rail+way→railway 铁路police+man→policeman 警察air+port→airport 机场basket+ball→basketball 篮球home+work→homework 作业black+board→blackboard 黑板②中间用连字符号连在一起，组成合成词bus+stop→bus-stop 汽车站man+made→man-made 人造的four+year+old→four-year-old 四岁大的two+meter+tall→two-meter-tall 二米高的200+kilometer+long→200-kilometer-long 200公里长的snow+covered→snow-covered 白雪覆盖的sister+in+law→sister-in-law 嫂子注意：上述带有连字符号的词不能随意组合确定，而必须以词典为标准。

③一些合成词不用连字符号而是分开来写：waiting room 候诊室ice cream 冰淇淋birthday party 生日晚会sports shoes 运动鞋space science 宇宙学space platform 空间站spare part 配件future life 未来生活(2)含有数字的复合型形容词①基数词+可数名词(单数)+形容词a four-year-old daughter 一个四岁的女儿a two-meter tall man 一个身高两米的人a 200-kilometer-long free way 一条长200公里的高速公路a ten-foot-deep swimming pool 一个十英尺深的游泳池a 5,000-year-old history 一个五千年文化的历史a two-year-lo。