
情态动词的用法.doc
12页情态动词 定义: 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等 情态动词后面加动词原形 分类: 情态动词有四类: ①只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might),ought to ②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare ③可做情态动词又可做助动词:shall(should),will(would) ④具有情态动词特征:have(had) to,used to 位置: 情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前, 谓语动词前若有助动词,则在助动词之前,疑问句中, 情态动词则在主语之前 I can see you. Come here. 我能看见你,过来吧 He must have been away. 他一定走了 What can I do for you? 我能帮你吗? How dare you treat us like that! 你怎能那样对待我们! 特点: 情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。
个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去,现在或将来情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态 He could be here soon. 他很快就来 We can't carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子 I'm sorry I can't help you. 对不起,我帮不上你 基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是,基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想: What have you been doing since? (构成完成进行体,本身无词义) I am afraid I must be going. (一定要) You may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经) 除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征: 1) 除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式: We used to grow beautiful roses. I asked if he would come and repair my television set. 2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一: They need not have been punished so severely. 3) 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾无-s形式: She dare not say what she thinks. 4) 情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词: Still, she needn't have run away. 5) 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。
在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间: Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something? She told him he ought not to have done it. 6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用: You should have washed the wound. Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel. 用法 首先它是动词,而且不同于行为动词,行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写,读,跑),而情态动词只是表达的一种想法(如能,也许,敢) 用法是:情态动词+行为动词原形 例句:I can read this sentence in English. 我能用英语读这句话 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语 We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。
May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗? Shall we begin now?我们现在就开始吗? You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规 情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列: can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better. 功能 助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类:基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)基本助动词有三个:do, have和be;情态助动词有十三个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to. 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能: 1) 构成否定式: He didn't go and neither did she. The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock. 2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式: Must you leave right now? You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you? 3) 构成修辞倒装: Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 4) 代替限定动词词组: A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle? B: Tom can. A: Shall I write to him? B: Yes, do. can和could的用法 1. 表示能力或客观可能性,还可以表示请求和允许。
如: Can you finish this work tonight? Man cannot live without air. — Can I go now? — Yes, you can. 注意:①could也可表示请求,语气委婉,主要用于疑问句,不可用于肯定句,答语应用can(即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中)如: Could I come to see you tomorrow? Yes, you can. (否定答语可用No, I'm afraid not.) ②can表示能力时,还可用be able to代替如: I'll not be able to come this afternoon. 2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中) Can this be true? How can you be so careless! This cannot be done by him. 3. “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。
如: He cannot have been to that town. Can he have got the book? 4. 用在疑问句及否定句中,表示惊讶,不相信等. 5. cannot```too\enough表示"无论怎样``````也不过分","越``````越好" may和might的用法 1. 表示许可 表示请求、允许时,might比may的语气更委婉一些,否定回答时(口语中常用) no , you can't . or , yes, please 用mustn't表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意(具有强烈禁止的意思)如: You may drive the car. — Might I use your pen? — No, you mustn't. 用May I ... 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式,在口气上比较客气在日常口语中,用Can I ... 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见 2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿如: May you succeed! 3. 表示推测、可能(疑问句不能用于此意) He may be very busy now. 4. “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。
如: He may not have finished the work. must和have to的用法 1. 表示必须、必要must表示主观多一些而have to则表示客观多一些)如: You must come in time. 回答must引出的问句时,如果是否定的回答,不能用mustn't,而要用needn't或don't have to — Must we hand in our exercise books today? — Yes, you must. (No, you don’t have to.) 2. “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测,它的否定或疑问式用can代替must This must be your pen. 3. “must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中,表示对过去发生的行为的推测它的否定或疑问式用can代替must He must have been to Shanghai. 4. have to的含义与must相似,两者往往可以互换使用,但have to有各种形式,随have的变化而定。
must与have to有下列几点不同: ① must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而have to则往往强调客观需要如: The play is not interesting. I really must go now. I had to work when I was your age. ② must一般只表现在,have则有更多的时态形式 ③ 二者。












