推荐海明威文学作品简介英语.ppt

American Literature1The American Modernism(IV) (1914 - 1945)2Ernest Hemingway (1899 - 1961)3Hemingway4I. Biography:Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American writer and journalist.His distinctive writing style—known as the iceberg theory—characterized by economy and understatement, influenced 20th-century fiction, as did his apparent life of adventure and the public image he cultivated. He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and his career peaked in 1954 when he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. 5Hemingway‘s fiction was successful because the characters he presented exhibited authenticity that reverberated（回响） with his audience. Many of his works are classics of American literature. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works during his lifetime, with a further three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works published after his death.6 Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in the village of Oak Park, Illinois, close to the prairies and woods west of Chicago. Both here and in Michigan, he would explore, camp, fish and hunt with his physician father, Dr. Clarence Hemingway.7Both parents and their nearby families fostered the Victorian priorities of the time: religion, family, work and discipline. They followed the Victorians' elaborate sentimental style in living and writing. At Oak Park and River Forest High School, Ernest reported and wrote articles, poems and stories for the school's publications largely based on his direct experiences. 89After leaving high school he worked for a few months as a reporter, before leaving for the Italian front to become an ambulance driver during World War I, which became the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms. He was seriously wounded and returned home within the year. 10In Europe in the 1920's , Ernest learned from avant-garde writers like Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound. Hemingway used these methods in short stories and novels that captured the attention of both critics and the public. 11In 1922 Hemingway married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives, and the couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a foreign correspondent. During his time there he met and was influenced by modernist writers and artists of the 1920s expatriate community known as the "Lost Generation". His first novel, The Sun Also Rises, was written in 1924. Hemingway and Hadley12Pauline Marie PfeifferAfter divorcing Hadley Richardson in 1927 Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer; they divorced following Hemingway's return from covering the Spanish Civil War, after which he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls .13Martha Ellis GellhornMartha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940, but he left her for Mary Welsh Hemingway after World War II, during which he was present at D-Day and the liberation of Paris. 14Mary WelshShortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea in 1952 Hemingway went on safari（旅行） to Africa, where he was almost killed in a plane crash that left him in pain or ill-health for much of the rest of his life. Hemingway had permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba during the 1930s and 40s, but in 1959 he moved from Cuba to Idaho, where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961.15II. His Novels:1)The Sun Also Rise (1926) The novel concerns a group of psychologically bruised, disillusioned expatriates living in postwar Paris, who take psychic refuge in such immediate physical activities as eating, drinking, traveling, brawling, and so on. With the publication of it, he was recognized as the spokesman of the “lost generation” (so called by Gertrude Stein). 2)A Farewell To Arms (1929) tells of a tragic wartime love affair between an ambulance driver and an English nurse. 3)Death in the Afternoon (1932), a nonfiction work about bullfighting164)Green Hills of Africa (1935), a nonfiction work about big-game hunting, glorify virility（男子气）, bravery, and the virtue of a primal（最初的） challenge to life.5)To Have And Have Not (1937)6)The Fifth Column (his only play 1938)7)For Whom The Bell Tolls (1940), in detailing an incident in the war, argues for human brotherhood. 8)Across the River and into the Trees (1950)9)The Old Man And The Sea (1952, Pulitzer Prize), celebrates the indomitable（不屈服的） courage of an aged Cuban fisherman. 10)Paris: A Moveable Feast (1964)11)Islands in the Stream (1970)17III. His Collections of Stories1)Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923),2)In Our Time (1924)3)Men without Women (1927) 4)Winner Take Nothing (1933)5)First Forty-nine Stories (1938) 6)IV. His famous stories:7)The Killers8)The Undefeated9)The Snows of Kilimanjaro18V. His masterpiece191.Plot Summary 1)In a small fishing village in Cuba, Santiago, an old, weathered fisherman has just gone 84 days without catching a fish. On the 85th day, he is determined to catch a big, impressive fish. 2)For years, Santiago has been fishing with a young boy named Manolin. Manolin started fishing with the old man when he was only 5 years old. Santiago is like Manolin's second father, and has taught the young boy everything about fishing. Manolin is extremely loyal to Santiago and makes sure that the old man is always safe and healthy. Manolin's parents, however, force the boy to leave Santiago and fish on a more lucrative fishing boat. 3)Manolin does not want to leave Santiago, but must honor his duty to his parents. On the new boat, Manolin catches several fish within the first few days. Santiago, meanwhile, decides to head out on the Gulf Stream alone. He feels the 85th day will be lucky for him. He sets out on his old, rickety skiff（摇摆的小船）. Alone on the water, Santiago sets up his fishing lines（钓钩） with the utmost precision, a skill that other fisherman lack. 204)Finally, he feels something heavy tugging at one of his lines. A huge Marlin（青枪鱼） has found Santiago‘s bait and this sets off a very long struggle between the two. The Marlin is so huge that it drags Santiago beyond all other boats and people - he can no longer see land from where the fish drags him. The struggle takes its toll（造成损伤） on Santiago. His hands become badly cramped and he is cut and bruised from the force of the fish. 5)Santiago and the Marlin become united out at sea. They are attached to each other physically, and in Santiago‘s case, emotionally. He respects and loves the Marlin and admires its beauty and greatness. He sees the fish as his brother. Despite this, Santiago has to kill it. He feels guilty killing a brother, but after an intense struggle in which the fish drags the skiff around in circles, Santiago harpoons（用鱼叉叉） the very large fish and hangs it on the side of his boat. He feels brave, like his hero Joe DiMaggio, who accomplished great feats despite obstacles, injuries or adversities.216)After enjoying a few moments of pride, a pack of sharks detects the blood in the water and follow the trail to Santiago's skiff. Santiago has to fend off each shark that goes after his prized catch. Each shark takes a huge bite out of the Marlin, but the old man fends them off, himself now bruised, but alive. He sails back to shore with the carcass of his Marlin. He is barely able to walk and slowly staggers back to his hut, where he falls into bed. 7)The next morning, the boy finds his mentor and cries when he looks at Santiago's bruised hands. He promises he will reject his parents' wishes and vows to fish with Santiago again.222.Main Characters:1)Santiago: The hero of the story. He is an old Cuban fisherman who is a perfectionist when it comes to fishing. Despite his precise methods, he has no luck at sea. Santiago wants to be unique: a greater and stranger person than his peers out at sea. He loves baseball and dreams of lions. He is alone, except for the company of Manolin. He is determined to catch one big fish. 2)Manolin: The young boy who is a disciple（徒弟） of Santiago and who takes care of him. His parents prefer that he work with more successful fishermen, but as he becomes his own man, he chooses to be loyal to Santiago.3)Marlin: The Marlin is the big fish that Santiago desperately wants and needs to catch. It is an awesome fish that impresses the old man. Because of the fish's greatness, he becomes like a brother to Santiago 234)The Sea: As its title suggests, the sea is central character in the novella. Most of the story takes place on the sea, and Santiago is constantly identified with it and its creatures; his sea-colored eyes reflect both the sea’s tranquility（宁静） and power, and its inhabitants are his brothers. Santiago refers to the sea as a woman, and the sea seems to represent the feminine complement to Santiago's masculinity. The sea might also be seen as the unconscious from which creative ideas are drawn. 24•3. Hemingway’s style•1) As the most widely imitated of any in the 20th century, he is generally known for his "mastery of the art of modern narration." Hemingway himself once said, "The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water ". Typical of this "iceberg" analogy is Hemingway's style. 25 2) While rendering vividly the outward physical events and sensations Hemingway expresses the meaning of the story and conveys the complex emotions of his characters with a considerable range and astonishing intensity of feeling.26 3) Besides, Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain. The accents and mannerisms of human speech are so well presented that the characters are full of flesh and blood and the use of short, simple and conventional words and sentences has an effect of clearness, terseness（言简意赅） and great care. This ruthless economy in his writing stands as a striking application of an architectural maxim: “Less is more.”(简洁至上 )274. Literary significance and criticism The Old Man and the Sea served to reinvigorate(振兴) Hemingway's literary reputation and prompted a reexamination of his entire body of work. The novella was initially received with much popularity; it restored many readers' confidence in Hemingway's capability as an author. Its publisher, Scribner's, on an early dust jacket, called the novella a "new classic," and many critics favorably compared it with such works as William Faulkner's "The Bear" and Herman Melville's Moby-Dick.28A spokesman for the Lost GenerationThe term “lost generation” was coined by Gertrude Stein, a lost generation writer herself, after World War I. It was between the first and second World Wars. Speaking to Ernest Hemingway, she said, "you are all a lost generation."29•The Lost Generation is a term used to describe a group of American writers who were rebelling against what America had become by the 1900’s.•Seeking the bohemian（波西米亚）（波西米亚） lifestyle and rejecting the values of American materialism, a number of intellectuals, poets, artists and writers fled to France in the post World War I years.•Paris was the center of it all. Full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date. 30Hemingway’s Heroes•Hemingway’s fiction usually focuses on people living essential, dangerous lives—soldiers, fishermen, athletes, bullfighters—who meet the pain and difficulty of their existence with stoic courage. 31•The phrase, Hemingway code hero originated with scholar Philip Young. He uses it to describe a Hemingway character who lives correctly, following certain principles of honor, courage, and endurance which in a life of tension and pain make a man a man. The Hemingway Code Hero 准则英雄、硬汉子 32The Hemingway Code Hero 准则英雄、硬汉子 •Throughout many of Hemingway’s novels the code hero acts in a manner which allowed the critic to formulate a particular code.•     -   he does not talk about what he believes in.•     -   He does not talk too much.  He expresses himself not in words, but in actions.  •The Hemingway man is not a thinker, he is a man of action.  But his actions are based upon a concept of life. 33“Grace under pressure” is their motto•Whatever is the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. •No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. •Finally, they will prevail because of their indestructible spirit and courage.They hide a sensitive heart under a tough exterior34The Hemingway Code Hero 准则英雄、硬汉子 The Hemingway code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit. A man can be destroyed but not defeated.----From The Old Man and the Sea35Homework:Read one of Hemingway’s novel in English.36。