基于国内小规模经济的国际化：外商直接投资的实证分析外文翻译.doc

基于国内小规模经济的国际化：外商直接投资的实证分析外文翻译 外文翻译原文Internationalization from a Small Domestic Base: An Empirical Analysis of Foreign Direct Investments of Icelandic Firm Material Source:////0>. Author:ástaóladóttir There are two traditional approaches to internationalization: the innovation modelcavusgil,1980and the Uppsala modelJohanson,1977;Vahlne,1977;Johanson,1975;Wiedersheim,1975Both models are referred to as “stages models〞 because they propose that the internationalization occurs in incremental steps. Earlier studies concerning the internationalization from a Nordic perspective are mainly based on the stage models or the Uppsala internationalization model. According to the Uppsala model, firm internationalization has long been regarded as an incremental process, where in firms gradually internationalize through a series of evolutionary stages. They enter “psychically close markets〞 and increase their commitment to international markets step by step. the learning and commitment stages that a firm gradually progresses through as it internationalizes are as follows: no regular export; export through agents; grounding of an overseas sales subsidiary or overseas production Johanson,1975;Wiedersheim,1975. In this traditional view, firms make their export debut when they have a strong domestic market base. The choice of market also occurs in stages: firms begin to export to a market that has a close psychic distance. Then they expand the export sales into markets that have increasingly greater psychic distances. The concept of psychic distance relates to differences from the home country in terms of language, culture, political systems, information flow, business practice, industrial development and educational systems Johanson,1977;Vahlne,1990. The firm chooses an incremental approach to internationalization because it lacks experiential knowledge and because the decision to internationalize is risky. Johanson and Vahlne’s central argument is that, as the firm gains more knowledge about a market, it will commit more resources to that market. Newly established firms tend to start their internationalization on nearby markets, and with increasing commitment and better understanding of markets abroad, firms enter into markets that are increasingly dissimilar to their home market. It has been argued that if firms have surplus resources, they can be expected to take larger steps toward internationalization Johanson,1990;Vahlne,1990.Once market conditions are stable and homogeneous, important market knowledge can be acquired by the firms in other ways than through their own experience. A firm may have considerable experience from markets that have similar characteristics and in a situation like this it may be possible to generalize this experience to the specific market Johanson,1990;Vahlne,1990. Another important aspect is the claim by several authors Porter,1980;Levitt,1983 that the world generally has moved towards homogenization. Levitt claims that technology especially is the contributing factor to a more homogenous business world since development within the field of information technology has “made〞 the distances between countries smaller, and thus the communication flows faster. An underlying assumption of stage models, including the Uppsala model, is that firms are well established in the domestic market before venturing abroad. criticisms that such conceptualizations wrongly assume step-wise progression and forward motion, pay insufficient attention to industry, company or people contexts and are generally too deterministic emanated as long ago as the late 1970sWillis,1981;Rosson,1984. Firms may choose different entry modes and internationalization patterns in different countries. Entry modes and internationalization processes also tend to differ by industry. Despite criticism of the Uppsala model, there is empirical evidence that many firms have internationalized in incremental stages and that others continue to do so. Several streams of research in the 1990s have served to challenge seriously stage process models. Although challenged, the importance of the stage model is that it makes clear the importance of cautious and incremental steps in the internationalization process. The model is valid for any firm size and it analyzes the whole internationalization process. In the recent literature, there has been clear evidence of rapid and dedicated internationalization by so-called born global firms. This view holds that firms do not internationalize incrementally but rather enter international markets soon after the firm’s inception. This contradicts the stages model, which posits that firms begin to export from a strong domestic market base. Born global are thought to be smaller entrepreneurial firms that internationalize from inception or shortly thereafter, targeting small, highly specialized global niches and implementing a global strategy from inception McNaughton,2003,M。