
野生荞麦细柄野荞麦的繁殖生物学特性研究.docx
27页野生荞麦细柄野荞麦的繁殖生物学特性研究 周兵 闫小红 苏启陶 张争光 王宁 陈丽花摘 要: 該研究通过野外观察和人工控制实验相结合的方法,从开花动态、花部基本特征、繁育系统、传粉生物学及种子性状等方面对荞麦属(FagopyrumMill.)植物细柄野荞麦(Fagopyrum gracilipes)的繁殖生物学特性进行了探究,并分析了各性状对其繁殖的贡献结果表明:在贵州威宁,细柄野荞麦的花果期常为每年的6—10月,单花序和单花的花期分别为13~21 d和1~3 d花较小,直径为(3.99 ± 0.12)mm,花柱和花药高分别为1.30和1.65 mm,花直径与花被片长和花被片宽呈显著正相关,花柱高与花药高呈极显著正相关细柄野荞麦花粉胚珠比为371 ± 16.40,杂交指数为2,套袋实验显示其自交、异交亲和,表明其繁育系统为兼性自交,部分异交亲和细柄野荞麦的访花昆虫较少,主要为膜翅目(Hymenoptera)、双翅目(Diptera)和鞘翅目(Coleoptera)7个科的9种昆虫,食蚜蝇科(Syrphidae)昆虫是其主要传粉昆虫细柄野荞麦果实存在有翅和无翅两种类型,有利于其适应不同的传播方式,种子较小,千粒重为(1.05 ± 0.04)g,萌发率较低,播种后30 d的累积萌发率为(19.60 ± 2.14)%,但萌发整齐,主要集中在前5 d。
综上所述,细柄野荞麦灵活的繁育系统为其产生大量种子提供了保障,多样的果实传播方式和整齐的种子萌发特性为其占据更广阔的生境成为群落优势种创造了基础Key: 细柄野荞麦, 繁育系统, 传粉生物学, 种子, 繁殖: Q944.3, Q945.5: A: 1000-3142(2019)05-0590-10Reproductive biological characteristics ofwild Fagopyrum gracilipesZHOU Bing*, YAN Xiaohong, SU Qitao, ZHANG Zhengguang, WANG Ning, CHEN Lihua( School of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an 343009, Jiangxi, China)Abstract: We investigated reproductive traits of Fagopyrumgracilipessuch as flowering dynamics, floral basic characteristics, breeding system, pollination biology and seed characteristics by field observations and artificial control experiments, also discussed their contribution to the reproduction of F. gracilipes. The results showed that F. gracilipes flo-wered and fruited during June to Octomber in Weining, Guizhou Province. The flowering lifespans of a single inflorescence and flower were about 13-21 d and 1-3 d respectively. The flower was small with the diameter of (3.99 ± 0.12)mm, the height of the style and anther was 1.30 and 1.65 mm respectively, the floral diameter had significant positive correlation with tepal length and tepal width (P< 0.05), the height of the style had highly significant position correlative with the height of anther (P< 0.01). The pollen-ovule ratio of F. gracilipeswas 371 ± 16.40, its out-crossing index was 2, and the results of bagging experiments showed it was self- and cross-compatible, which suggested that the bree-ding system of F. gracilipeswas facultative selfing, partial crossing-compatible. The main floral visitors were nine insects of Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera, the insects in family Syrphidae were its main pollination insects. The fruits of F. gracilipesincluded two types with and without wings which was helpful for its adaption to different spread manners, its seeds were smaller with the thousand seed weight of (1.05 ± 0.04) g, and had low but orderly germination rate with accumulated germination rate of (19.60 ± 2.14)% 30 d after sowing. It could be concluded that the flexible breeding system provided security for mass seeds production of F. gracilipes, various fruit spread manners and orderly seed germination characteristics created the basis for its colonizing vast habitats and becoming the dominant species in the community. The results can provide important reference for revealing the reproduction mechanism of F. gracilipesand buckwheat breeding.Key words: Fagopyrum gracilipes,breeding system,pollination biology,seed, reproduction繁殖成功是植物种群赖以延续和扩展的关键,是植物对其生存环境长期适应进化的结果。
因此,一切与植物繁殖有关的特征及过程均是植物繁殖生物学的研究内容,包括开花生物学、繁育系统、传粉生物学、繁殖构件和分配等(张大勇和姜新华,2001;Barrett,2002;Huang,2006;任明迅等,2012)虽然不同植物间的繁殖过程及细节存在差异,但最终植物常通过提高种子的数量与质量来获得较高的雌性适合度,或通过提高花粉获得量和效率来获得较高的雄性适合度(任明迅等,2012)目前,繁殖生物学研究主要集中在造成濒危植物濒危的繁殖生物学特性(Pellegrino et al., 2006;Cursach & Rita,2012;莫权辉等,2016)、繁殖生物学特性与外来入侵植物入侵性的关系(周兵等,2013;Castro et al.,2013;Yan et al.,2016)以及特殊花部性状的繁殖生态学功能(文慧慧等,2015;Suetsugu,2015;Wang et al.,2016)等方面,而针对经济植物,尤其是经济植物的近缘野生种的繁殖生物学特性研究相对较少(张万灵等,2013)实际上,揭示这些近缘野生种的繁殖生物学特性将为选育优良品种及性状基因提供重要理论基础中国是世界荞麦的起源中心,在西南地区,荞麦属(FagopyrumMill.)几乎所有种类均有分布。
荞麦因具有较高的营养价值和保健药用功能而备受关注和广泛种植(阮景军和陈惠,2008;唐文等,2010)该属植物分为大粒组和小粒组两个类群,两组间的种间杂交亲和性非常低,组内种间杂交亲和性相对较高(Chen,1999;Chen et al.,2004)该属植物的资源学(吴振海等,2010;王安虎等,2011)、形态学(陈庆富,2004;任翠娟和陈庆富,2008;Tang et al.,2010)、遗传学(Zhou et al.,2012;Kishore et al.,2013;Li et al.,2013)以及开发应用(Park et al.,2012;Tsai et al.,2012)等方面已有研究,而关于该属植物的繁殖生物学方面的研究相对较少(张万灵等,2013;Chen et al.,2015;Wu et al.,2018)细柄野荞麦(Fagopyrum gracilipes)為荞麦属小粒组一年生草本植物,主要分布在我国西南较高海拔、较冷地区,常生长于草坡、湿山谷、田边或与玉米等作物混生(陈庆富,2012)笔者调查发现在分布区,尤其是作物田中,细柄野荞麦很容易形成优势种群细柄野荞麦没有营养生殖,那么其优势种群的形成是否与其有性生殖存在密切联系,尤其是哪些有性繁殖特性发挥重要作用有待探索。
为此,本研究从花部基本特征、繁育系统、访花昆虫、种子生物学特性等方面对细柄野荞麦的繁殖生物学特性开展研究,从而为揭示其繁殖机制及形成优势种群的原因提供相关理论依据,同时也为荞麦育种提供理论参考1 材料与方法1.1 样地基本情况样地设在贵州省威宁彝族回族苗族自治县草海,样地总面积约200 m2该地属亚热带季风气候,年均降雨量约为750 mm,年均气温为11.2 ℃,年均日照数为1 812 h,地理坐标介于104°12′—104°18′ E,26°49′—26°53′ N之间,生物多样性高,物种丰富,是细柄野荞麦的理想生存地1.2 研究方法1.2.1 开花动态及花部基本特征观测 用记号笔标记待开放的细柄野荞麦花蕾,每天进行观察直至开放,且开放当天对开放的花朵进行连续观察,并对花被片、雄蕊、雌蕊各花部构件的变化过程及现象进行记录随机标记待开放的花序,连续进行观察统计,直至最后1朵花凋谢,并计算其开放时间随机选取20朵正盛开的花朵,用游标卡尺测量花柄长、花直径、花被片长和宽、花药与花柱高度等花部形态指标1.2.2 繁育系统测定1.2.2.1 花粉胚珠比 随机选取20朵即将开放但未散粉的花,收集其所有花药于1.5 mL离心管中,加入0.5 mL 1.0 mol·L-1 HCl溶液去除花药壁,振荡形成悬浮液。
用移液枪移取10 μL悬浮液于载玻片上,显微镜下统计全部花粉量,统计5次,取平均值,计算单花花粉量用刀片横切所统计花的子房,显微镜下统计胚珠数计算花粉胚珠比(P/O)按Cruden(1977)的标准评价其繁育系统1.2.2.2 杂交指数估算 根。












