跨文化商务沟通复习资料.doc

跨文化商务沟通复习资料第一章一．文化适应的四个维度P9DimensionsofAcculturationIntegration-personsbecomeanintegralpartofthenewculturewhilemaintainingtheirculturalintegritySeparation-individualskeeptheircultureandstayindependentofthenewcultureAssimilation-personsareabsorbedintotheirnewcultureandwithdrawfromtheiroldcultureDeculturation-individualslosetheiroriginalcultureanddonotacceptthenewculture第二章不作为考试重点第三章一．不同文化的人们对待女性，道德标准以及工作的态度不同P47~P56① AttitudesTowardWomen：Influencedbyculturalroots;U.S.womenaresupposedtohavethesamerightsasmen;Kenyawomenareconsideredsubordinatetomen;GenderdifferencesintheU.S.workplacearede-emphasized-womenareacceptedathigherlevelsingovernmentandinmanycompanies；U.S.womenhavetakentwo-thirdsofnewjobscreated;theyarestartingnewbusinessesattwicetherateofmen;InFrance,one-fifthofsmallbusinessesareownedbywomen;inCanada,therateisone-third；TheU.S.andCanadaleadtheworldinthenumberofwomeninexecutivepositions;NorthernandWesternEurope,Australia,andNewZealandalsohavehighnumbersofwomenmanagers.PercentageofWomeninTopManagementPositions:TheRussianFederation42%，EuropeanUnion30%,Australia23%,UnitedKingdom21%,UnitedStates20%,Japan7%.② CulturalAttitudesTowardWork:Workethic-hardworkisapplaudedandrewarded;notworkingisviewednegatively.U.S.personsvaluework;executiveswork-56hoursperweek.-take14daysofvacationayear.Europeanpersonswork-36to41hoursperweek.-take4to6weeksofvacationayear.Europeans:Relaxed;VacationduringmonthofAugust;Donotworkweekendsorholidays(TheFrenchtakelongervacationsthanpeopleofanyothercountry.)Australians:Valuefreetime;ValueshortworkweekJapanese:WorkMondaythroughFriday,often18hoursaday;Workuntiltheirbossleaves③ AttitudesTowardEthics:Ethicalbehaviormeansactingwithintegrity,honesty,competence,respect,fairness,trust,courage,andresponsibility.Ethicalstandardsareguidelinesestablishedtoconveywhatisperceivedtobecorrectorincorrectbehaviorbymostpeopleinasociety.Ethics:TheFour-WayTest:Isitthetruth?Isitfairtoallconcerned?Willitbuildgoodwillandbetterfriendships?Willitbebeneficialtoallconcerned?二.个人主义和集体主义P57Individualism-attitudeofvaluingourselvesasseparateindividualswithresponsibilityforourowndestiniesandactions.Collectivism-emphasizescommoninterests,conformity,cooperation,andinterdependence.第四章一．文化冲击的阶段P69StagesofCulturalShock:Stage1:Excitementandfascinationwiththenewculture;the"honeymoon"stage.Stage2:Crisisordisenchantmentperiod;excitementhasturnedtodisappointment.Stage3:Adjustmentphase;youbegintoacceptthenewculture,trynewfoods,seethehumorinsituations.Stage4:Acceptanceoradaptationphase;feelathomeinthenewcultureandbecomeinvolvedinactivitiesoftheculture.Stage5:Reentryshock;followsthestagesidentifiedearlier:initialeuphoria,crisisordisenchantment,adjustment,andadaptation.二．如何缓解文化冲击P71~P74Toalleviateculturalshock,trytoseetheenvironmentfromtheperspectiveofthehostnationals.① 慎重挑选外派人员AlleviatingCulturalShockbyCarefulSelectionofOverseasPersonnel(Sensitive,cooperative,abletocompromise;Opentoothers'opinions;Reactiontonewsituations;appreciationofculturaldifferences;Understandingofownvaluesandaware-nessofvaluesinothercultures;Reactiontocriticism;Understandinggovernmentsystem;Abilitytodevelopcontactsinnewculture;Patienceandresiliency.)② 提供出国前培训Intellectualorclassroommodel-involvesgivingfactsaboutthehostcountryusingavarietyofinstructionalmethods;Areatrainingorsimulationmodel-emphasizesaffectivegoals,culturespecificcontent,andexperientialprocesses;Self-awarenessorhumanrelationsmodel-basedontheassumptionthatthetraineewithself-understandingwillbemoreeffectiveintheoverseasassignment;Culturalawarenessmodel-emphasizesculturalinsightandstressesaffectivegoalsandanexperientialprocess;Interactionapproach-participantsinteractwithpeopleinthehostcountry;Multidimensionalapproach-attemptstocombinecognitive,affective,andbehavioralaspectsoftraining;③ 提供反馈和奖励Rewardsystemsincludespecialallowancesforhousing,hardship,homeleave,medical,taxes,etc.Appraisalandrewardsystemmustreflectthepurposeandexpectationsoftheassignment(profitorbuildingapresenceinthecountry).Rewardsystemmustcompensateforwhatpersonsareleavingbehindandmustbebasedontheideaofequity④ 发挥员工的最大潜力DevelopingEmployeestoTheirPotential:Planforrepatriation,includingreasonsfortheassignmentandhowtheemployeewillcontributetothecompanyuponhis/herreturn.Allowadequatetimeforreadjustmentbeforeemployeereportstowork.Provideappropriatecompensationfortransitionexpenses.Assistinlocatingproperhousing.Showappreciationtofamilyfortheircontributions.第五章一．高语境和低语境的语言P86HighContext-Establishsocialtrustfirst-Valuepersonalrelationsandgoodwill-Agreementbygeneraltrust-NegotiationsslowandritualisticLowContext-Getdowntobusinessfirst-Valueexpertiseandperformance-Agreementbyspecific,legalistic-contract-NegotiatesasefficientlyaspossibleHigh-ContextLanguage特点：-Nonverbal;culturalaspectsareimportant-LanguagetransmitslittleofexplicitmessageExample:JapaneselanguageChineselanguage-Restrictedcode-speechcodingsystemofhigh-contextlangua。