英语二重点语法.doc

一．名词I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词不可数名词量的表示语：　　(1) 不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语，表示数的观念其公式为：　数词＋单位词＋of＋不可数名词　　(2) 各类表单位的形容词片语　　(A) 物质名词：a piece (suit) of armour a piece (slice) of cake a piece (an article) of furniture a piece of jewelry　　a piece (sheet) of paper a cake of soap a piece (slice) of bacon a piece (stick) of chalk　　a bit (blade) of grass a piece (strip) of land a bit (grain) of rice a bowl of soup　　(B) 抽象名词　　a word of abuse an item (a bit) of business an attack of fever a bit (an amount) of interest;　　a fit of passion a piece (word) of advice a piece of evidence a piece (an item) of information　a piece (an item) of news;　　(C) 自然现象：a flash of lightening;　　a bolt of thunder;名词种类的表示语：kind of, sort of, type of, 三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词，其后的冠词a (an)常被省略。

之前可加a, the, some, any, etc. 　　What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?　　I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.　　I like this kind of flower.　　I like flowers of this kind. （置名词后更强调种类）　　　II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves加-schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8特殊变化medium media, child children, 2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。

所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西1. ’s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加’sthe boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,复数名词一般在末尾加’the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’sthe children’s toys, women’s rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’sJapan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s2. ’s所有格的用法：１表示时间today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2表示自然现象the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry4表示工作群体the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory5表示度量衡及价值a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the life’s time, the play’s plot7某些固定词组a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。

I. 不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，one，perWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.9物质名词或抽象名词加a (an)即成普通名词This is a good cloth for summer.10“have (or take) + a + 抽象名词”，与抽象名词的动词形同义Let us take a swim. = Let us swim.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”th。