长句(或段落)中的并列结构.ppt

长句中的并列结构,,Introduction,Last time we learned the basic elements of sentences and the basic types of sentences. You must try to become familiar with these basic knowledge as you are familiar with your families. Today, we are going to learn some common structures that make a sentence difficult and complex.,学习目标,1. 增强阅读理解能力通过学习让学生精通英语句子的间架结构，搞清句子中各个成分之间的关系，增强理解句子，特别是长句难句的能力 2. 提高书面表达能力篇章的写作以句子写作为基础，句子写作以掌握句子结构为基础，掌握句子结构以了解句子成分为基础通过本讲座，你将非常清楚英语句子的面貌，进而为你写出合乎标准的句子打好基础学习方法与要求,1. 认真思考； 2. 深入领会精神实质； 3. 学以致用，在使用中逐渐融会贯通； 4. 切忌眼高手低，一知半解； 5. 本教程旨在“授之以渔”，而非“授之以鱼”； 6. 勇于实践，直至纯熟。

我们坚信 ———,经过本课程的学习，你将对英语句子的结构变得更加敏感！,一.并列结构 (parallel structure),通过使用一些关联词，如 and、or等，或标点符号如：分号，逗号，破折号等，若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或句子连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句.通过练习，大家将能掌握分析这类句式的一般规律和方法表示意义上递进或并列的并列结构有：,1. 标点符号：“，” 2. …, and… 3…., as well as… 4. As……., so………正如…也…,表示意义上相反的并列结构有：,1. …or….否则 2. …. rather than … 3. Either…. or …. 4. While A……., B ………. 5. A ……., while B …… 6. Not …, but …… 7. ……, but ……,讲解与点拨,1.Keeping your head cool, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the difference between life and death when fire breaks out. 分析：主语为动名词短语“Keeping……” “crowding”和“pushing”两个动名词是并列平行结构。

2.The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.分析：定语从句中有三个并列的不定式短语作动词“is used”的目的状语 主干部分为：The way is culturally influenced.,3. And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely every day, and that millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day. 分析：三个“that……”从句并列作convince 的宾语 翻译：朋友们及家庭成员都无法说服恐惧症患者，使他们相信：多数动物对人无害，数以千计的旅行者每日都安全的飞行，数百万的人每天都安全地乘好几次电梯。

提示：下列句子中有定语后置现象,4. In whatever company, they may find persons and conversations more or less pleasing. At whatever table , they may find meat and drink of better or worse taste, dishes better or worse prepared 分析：In whatever company 意为“无论和什么人交往”不要误以为“不论在什么公司”这两句为对偶句，结构工整翻译：无论和什么人交往，他们会发现有些人、有些谈话讨人喜欢，而有些则不然同样，无论吃什么饭，酒和肉总有可口的和不可口的，菜肴的烹调亦总有优劣之分5. Many workers stay at jobs they are too old for rather than face possible rejection. 分析：Rather than 前后为相同的语法成分即stay 和 face they are too old for是定语从句修饰jobs。

Rather than 是个非常活跃的结构 翻译：许多工人宁愿守着因自己年老已不适合的工作，而不愿意去面对（再找工作时）可能会遇到的拒绝,6. But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered(给予，提供). 分析：remember 后面有两个并列的宾语从句，一个是that we did not see……，另一个是that we failed to…… 由于介词短语with far greater pain 的分隔和两个宾语从句又各带了一个状语从句，而使全句的结构变得较为复杂 提示：tender这个词最常见的词义，“嫩的，脆弱的， ”，这里的tender是做动词“给予，提供”，千万不要以为一个词只有一个意义在四六级考试中这种情况非常常见7. We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what it was and then suddenly realize that it is no more.,8. People think of cowboys as free people, unafraid to battle with wild animals, living close to nature, with the trees and the sky and the stars.,9. Clearly, science may involve not only careful observation but also a willingness to be creative; this may entail looking beyond existing paradigms （模式）governing research in a given area of study. 分析：此句是由;号接在一起的两个独立的句子，是一个并列的结构。

第二个分句的主语this 指的应该是前面的整个句子的含义，否则会出现理解上的偏差Existing paradigms 是介词beyond 的宾语，而governing research 是paradigms的定语 参考译文：可见，科学包括的不仅是仔细观察，而且还包括乐于去创新，这就必须要超越那些支配着某一特定学科的现有的研究规范10. The intentional termination of life of one human being by another - mercy killing (安乐死) - is contrary to that for which the medical profession stands and is contrary to the policy of the American Medical Association. 分析：两个并列的谓语部分，即“ is contrary to……and is contrary to…… 词组mercy killing 是对前面内容的概括for which the medical profession stands 是“that”的定语从句。

翻译：有意识的结束一个人的生命--安乐死--既违反了医学界的职业立场，也违反了美国医学会的宗旨11. More than three million people live in inner London, and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area, which is made up of formerly separate villages that have merged to form what is now called outer London 分析：并列复合句 “and”连接并列句第二个句子是主从复合句which”引出非限制性定语从句，修饰“area”that ” 引出限制性定语从句，修饰 “villages”what” 引出名词从句作“form”的宾语 译文：三百多万人口居住在伦敦市区，将近五百多万人口居住在周围的郊区--这些郊区由原来分散的村庄构成，逐步形成如今被称为的外伦敦12. Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe（观察） and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs. 分析：多层次的并列结构。

by” 以前的部分为句子的主体部分，由“and”连接的两个并列的分句组成第二个分句的主语和一部分谓语省略了以避免重复By 所引导的短语里ability带了多个动词不定式做修饰，这些不定式又存在着一个并列的结构，to observe and (to) understand与either……or引导的to adapt to……，to control and (to) adapt it……的并列，and连接13. Information systems affect the scope and quality of health care, make social services more equitable, enhance personal comfort, provide a greater measure of safety and mobility, and extend the variety of leisure forms at one’s disposal.,技能点拨,并列结构在阅读理解中经常发挥着重要的作用，其中之一是语意色彩上的相近或相反如果你断定了某几个结构是递进的并列关系，那么只要知道了其中任何一个表示积极意义，便可知其他几个的意义也是积极的。

这在四六级阅读中，特别是当你拿不定主意时，会起到相当重要的暗示作用。