翻译理论与实践曾剑平文化词语的翻译.doc

文化词语分为文化词(cultural words)和文化含义词(culturally loaded words/phrases)文化含义词视其构成和意义特点可以分为三类：（1）切分和归类不同的文化含义词（culturally loaded words/phrases due to different classification） ，如称谓词语；（2）联想不同的文化含义词(culturally loaded words/phrases due to different association)，如猪的联想；（3）语用规范不同的文化含义词(culturally loaded words/phrases due to different cultural norms)，如 Would you like to have high tea?是邀请你去吃便饭文化词的处理法：（1）全式借用(full borrowing) ，如来字法语的 garage, reservoir, detente9 缓和）等；（2）半式借用(semi-borrowing)，基本保持原状，只是拼写和发音略作改动，如senenade（小夜曲）来自法语的 senerade。

3）音译(transliteration, loan words)；（4）半音译(semi-transliteration) ，如 tong oil 来自汉语的桐油；（5）仿译(loan translation, calque),合成词或复合词可以采取按构成全部意译的办法借用如蜜月来自 honeymoon 等翻译下列句子，注意划线部分的翻译1. 有个老李带来个八九岁的小姑娘，因为没有吃的，愿意把姑娘送给人家逃个活命二诸葛---就替小二黑收作童养媳Lao Li brought his daughter of about eight or nine years with him. To avoid starvation, he was willing to give the girl to anybody who wanted her. Kong Ming the Second---took her into his house as little Erhei’s future wife.)2.袭人握了自己的嘴，笑的说不出话来，半日才说道：“那是新娶的二奶奶 ”---宝玉道：“好糊涂！你说的‘ 二奶奶’，到底是 谁？” 袭人道：“宝姑娘。

”(His-ren put a hand to her mouth to hide her laughter, so amused that she could not speak. “That’s new Second Young Mistress.”---Pao-yu cried, “Don’t be silly! What Second Young Mistress do you mean?” “Miss pao-cai.”)3.行者道：“嫂嫂休得推辞，我再送你个点心充饥！”又把头往上一顶那罗刹心痛 难禁，只在地上打滚，疼得他面黄唇白，只叫“孙叔叔饶命！”行者才收了手脚道：“你才认得叔叔么？我看牛大哥情上，且饶你性命！”(“Don’t stand on ceremony, （讲究客套，客气）sister!” Monkey continued. “Here’s some cake to stay （阻止，抑制，坚持）your hunger.” And he butted（碰撞，抵触) with his head till she felt an excruciating （极痛苦的）pain in her chest. She rolled on the ground, her face waxed and her lips white, screaming, “Spare（饶恕，赦免） me, brother! Spare me!” At that Monkey stopped laughing her and said, “So now you recognize your brother in law, eh? For the sake of brother Ox, I’ll spare your life.”)4.贾母--- 说：“你替我告诉他（指林黛玉）的阴灵：‘ 并不是我忍心不来送你，只为有 了个亲疏。

你是我外孙女儿，是亲的了；若于宝玉比起来，可是宝玉比你更亲些 ’”(The Old lady instructed, “tell her spirit from me, it’s not because I’m heartless that I’m not coming to see you off, but there is someone closer here whom I have to see to. As my daughter’s daughter you are dear to me; but Pao-yu is closer to me even than you.”)5.凤姐道：“明儿宝玉圆了房亲家太太抱了外孙子，那时候儿不是更是笑话了么？”(His-feng said, “Soon Pao-yu will have consummated（完成，使完善） his marriage, and then Aunt Hsueh will have a grandson to dandle（播弄，宠）-----won’t that be a still better joke?”)6.林妹妹早就知道了，他如今要做新媳妇了。

自然害羞，不肯见你的 （She knows already. And as your bride-to-be, she would be much too embarrassed to receive you now.）7.不久人们的视线都集中到一个小小的行李卷上，那上面插着用漂亮的白绸子包起来的南胡、箫、笛，旁边还放着 整洁的琵琶、月琴、竹笙，----这是贩卖乐器的吗？(Before long the attention of quite a few was caught by some unusual luggage: a small bedding-roll to which were tied a fiddle, a bamboo pipe and a flute, each wrapped in fine white silk. Nearby was a balloon guitar, a moon-guitar and a small reed（芦苇，芦笛）-organ.---Some passengers surmised （推测，猜测)that these must belong to dealer in musical instrument.)8.夏天，他穿着仿绸大褂或者竹布大褂、千层底布鞋；冬天是 绸子棉袍外面罩上一件蓝布大褂，头上是一顶宽边礼帽，脚底下竟是穿起了又肥又厚象小船一样的“老头靴”。

In the summer he wore a silk or glazed cotton gown and thick-soled cloth slippers; in winter, a padded silk gown under one of plain blue cloth, a broad-brimmed hat and thick, boat-like boots of the kind usually worn by elderly men.)9.他穿着一件灰布中山装，戴着半旧的灰呢帽He was wearing an old felt hat and a grey cotton suit buttoned up to the neck.)10. 女学生穿着白洋布短旗袍、白线袜、白运动鞋 （the schoolgirl was wearing short white muslin gown, while cotton stockings and white canvas shoes.）11.所以他便赶紧拔起四个萝卜，拧下青叶，兜在大襟里He hastily pulled up four turnips, tore off the leaves and stuffed them under his jacket.)12.穿的是新夹袄，看去腰间还挂着一个大搭连。

He was wearing a new lined jacket and at his waist hung a large purse.)13. 我曾经仔细想：阿 Quei，阿桂还是阿贵呢？倘使他号叫月亭，或者在八月间做过生日，那一定是阿桂了；而他既没有号——也许有号，只是没有人知道他——又 未尝散过生日征文的贴子：写作阿桂是武断的又倘使他有一位老兄或令弟叫阿富，那一定是阿贵了；而他又只是一个人；写作阿贵，也没有佐证I have given the question a careful thought. Ah Quei---would that be the “Quei” meaning fragrant osmanthus or the “Quei” meaning nobility? If his other name had been Moon Pavilion, or if he had celebrated his birthday in the month of the Moon Festival, then it would certainly be the “Quei” for fragrant osmanthus. But since he had no other name or if he had, no one knew it and since he never sent out invitations on his birthday to secure complimentary（补充的） verses, it would be arbitrary to write Ah Quei (fragrant osmanthus). Again, if he had had an elder or younger brother called Ah Fu (prosperity), then he would certainly be called Ah Quei (nobility). But he was all on his own; thus there is justification for writing Ah Quei (nobility).14.最恼人的是在他头皮上，颇有几处不知起于何 时的癞疮疤。

这虽然也在他身上，而阿Q 的意思，倒也似乎以为不足为贵的，因为他讳说 “癞”，以及一切近乎“ 赖”的音，后来推而广之， “光”也讳， “亮”也 讳，再后来，连 “灯”、 “烛” 都讳了The most annoying were some patches（补钉，斑） on his scalp （头皮)where at some uncertain date shiny ring-worm（金钱癣） scars had appeared. Although these were on his own head, apparently Ah Q did not consider them as altogether honorable, for he refrained from using the word “ringw。