第四讲18世纪文学.ppt

English Literature of 18th century              Enlightenment Movement1. progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe (England, Germany and France) in the 18th century and in Russia in the 19th century (Lenin: bourgeois movement)2. the enlighteners: ＊＊had hostility to serfdom;＊＊strongly advocated the education and self-government and freedom for the masses of people; ＊＊asserted the right and interests of the people, esp. peasants.                                                                                                                                English Enlightenment §appear after bourgeois revolution, urge the carrying-on of revolution§the English enlighteners considered the chief way to better the society was “enlightenment” (education). §They believe the power of reason. So the 18th C in England is also called “the age of reason” §Enlighteners in English Literature: 2 groups 1. moderate group: Pope, Defoe, Addison and Steele, and Richardson They supported the rules of the existing social order and considered partial reforms would be sufficient. 2. Radical group: Swift, Fielding, Smollett, Goldsmith and Sheridan  They insisted on more resolute democratization in the management of the government. They even partly defended the interests of working people, peasants and laboring class• neo-classicism• periodical literature• sentimental movement• novel• drama18th century literatureNeo-classicism• Alexander Pope• Samuel Johnson§In literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, and so on) and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. ※※ neo-classicism: modeled on Greek and Latin authors, tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works: 1. drama: rhymed couplet instead of blank verse, the three unities, regularity in construction, presentation of types rather than individuals2. poetry: following the ancient divisions: lyric, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic3. prose: precise, direct and flexible4. The basic difference between Dryden and the 18th century enlighteners Dryden: wrote to please the declining aristocracy during the Restoration periodEnlighteners: wrote for the bourgeoisie to tidy up the capitalist social orders Alexander Pope(1688-1744)1. life story§merchant’s family, Catholic, feeble, severe bodily pain, introduced to literary world by Wycherley, 1713: formed Scriblerus Club (涂鸦社), side not definitely either with Whig or Tory§Wrote Newton's epitaph: “Nature, and Nature's Laws lay hid in Night. God said, Let Newton be ! and All was Light."     2. works1). pastoral poems§“Pastorals” 《《田园组诗田园组诗》》§“Winsor Forest” 《《温莎林温莎林》》§“Ode on Solitude” 《《隐居颂隐居颂》》2). satirical poems§“The Rape of the Lock”《《夺发记夺发记》》 §“The Dunciad” 《《群愚史诗群愚史诗》》3). philosophical works§“An Essay on Criticism”《《批评论批评论》》§“An Essay on Man”《《人论人论》》§“Moral Essays” 《《道德论道德论》》4). translation and edition§“Iliad”§“Odessey”§“The Works of Shakespeare” “An Essay on Criticism”1). a manifesto of English neo-classicism ＊＊ aesthetic theories of poetry ＊＊comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism2). criticism on poetry written in blank verse (heroic couplet): how to write and appreciate poetry3). content:＊＊respect to ancient Greek and Roman poets and critics ＊＊not showing preference either for the Ancients or for the Moderns—judge each individual work according to its own merit or demerit＊ respect to Shakespeare (violate classical rules)4). a didactic poem in heroic couplet, in a plain style, easy reading. 'Tis hard to say, if greater Want of SkillAppear in Writing or in Judging ill,But, of the two, less dang'rous is th' Offence,To tire our Patience, than mis-lead our Sense:Some few in that, but Numbers err in this,Ten Censure wrong for one who Writes amiss;   ☆☆Famous sayings:§For fools rush in where angels fear to tread. 智者裹足不前，愚者铤而走险智者裹足不前，愚者铤而走险. §To err is human, to forgive, divine. 人皆有错，难能宽恕人皆有错，难能宽恕§ A little learning is a dangerous thing. 浅学误人浅学误人  “The Rape of the Lock” 1). poem in mock-heroic (type of satirical verse which deals with trivial matters in the style of epic or heroic verse 仿英雄体)＊ a quarrel between two aristocratic families: Lord Petre's cutting of a lock of Miss Arabella Fermor's hair without her permission.  2). analysis＊＊ social satire of the idle, meaningless life of the aristocratic bourgeois society of 18th c England＊＊Inferior position of women: toys and slaves to men’s passion＊＊influenced Byron’s “Don Juan”                                                                         “The Dunciad” 1). satirical poem of personal attack   in 4 books, 15 years 2). background: provoked by Theobald’s criticism of his edition of Shakespeare, first choosing Theobald as “the poet laureate” of the kingdom of Dullness. But by and by all the authors who had criticized Pope were ridiculed, and the satire was directed to all the literary vices of the time. 3). bitter satire on Pope’s rival writers and whole literary life in 18th c England4). expose and satirize dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education and even religion “An Essay on Man”1). philosophical poem in heroic couplet, 4 epistles: Of the Nature and State of Man ＊＊with respect to the universe ＊＊with respect to Himself as an individual ＊＊with respect to society ＊＊with respect to happiness2). P’s political and philosophical stand of an enlightener, influence of Deism 3). selectionAll Nature is but Art unknown to thee; All chance direction, which thou canst not see; All discord, harmony not understood; All partial evil, universal good: And spite of Pride, in erring Reason's spite, One truth is clear, Whatever is, is right. 4. Comments on Pope (1). Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time. (2). His lines are smooth, balanced and concise, a master of the heroic couplet. (3). influenced other writers of his age, early 18th c England----the age of PopeSamuel Johnson (1709-1784)1. life story1728-29   Oxford1731  father died, make his own living:          usher, translating1735  married a widow, 20 years senior, 800 ￡, set up a school, failure1755  Oxford: M.A.1756  arrested for debt, loan from Richardson1762  governmental pension: 300￡1763  met Boswell— biographer1764  “The Club”, “The Literary Club”, Goldsmith, Sheridan 1765 Trinity College, Dublin: Dr. of Laws1767  conversation with George Ⅲ, loyal to king 1770  political tracts as Tory1775  Oxford: Doctor of Laws1782   paralysis, recovered, “Essex Head Club”1784  After his death, Johnson received many honors. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, near the memorial to Shakespeare §poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer and publicist.　2. His works: •poems: “London” “The Vanity of Human Wishes” (heroic couplet) •romance: “The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia”•drama: “Irene” (blank-verse tragedy) •periodicals: “The Rambler” “The Idler”•critical works: “Lives of the Poets”•dictionary: “The Dictionary of the English Language”§Letter To the Right Honorable the Earl of chesterfield            “The Vanity of Human Wishes”1). sharp satire on the social evils in aristocratic-bourgeois world ＊ all-powerful influence of gold    ＊ so many engaged in struggle for political power    ＊ corruption and struggle for power     between two parties2). general picture of his society, not a particular person                                                                    “The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia”1). most popular of J’s writings, didactic romance: 6 editions (besides one in Ireland & American): a prince who has led a sheltered life, and who goes out to explore the world and learns the meaning of life and the secret of happiness.  2. analysis: lack the revolutionary spirit, advocate golden mean (中庸之道中庸之道) between ＊＊Deism: reconcile to everything in the existing social order＊＊revolutionary thought: expose and criticize the ugly reality                     “Lives of the poets”1. Preface: ＊＊praise Shakespeare — “the poet of nature” and defend Shakespeare from the charges of mixing of comic with the tragic (violating the classical rules)2). 52 poets: unfair to Milton and Gray, cares for rhymed verse than blank verse3). contents: biographical facts    analysis of personal traits and character    comments on their poetryThe Dictionary of the English Language § the first English dictionary by an Englishman; first brought fame to Johnson§ remained for a century the unrivalled authority for English language and all English dictionary.Letter To the Right Honorable the Earl of chesterfield 1. Background: Samuel Johnson wrote the letter in 1755, when he was 45 years old.  Johnson had just completed his great dictionary of the English language, which he had been toiling away at for eight years.  seven London booksellers had commissioned the project eight years previously. §At that time Johnson had issued a plan for the work, in the hope of getting more funds from patrons. He had dedicated the plan to Philip Dormer, the Earl of Chesterfield. Johnson paid a call on the Earl at some point, and been disappointed with the results.  He did apparently get a few guineas out of the noble Lord, but it was much less than he had hoped for. Chesterfield seemed to have taken no further interest in the project. §Until, all those years later, when the dictionary was at last ready for publication (it was actually five years later), Lord Chesterfield published an advance review of it in a magazine named The World, presenting himself as principal patron of the work.  This excited Johnson's indignation, and he wrote the following letter to his Lordship.  It is one of the great letters of all time. To The Right Honourable The Earl Of Chester    §7th February, 1755.§I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of The World, that two papers, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the public, were written by your lordship. To be so distinguished is an honour which, being very little accustomed to favours from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge. §近日从《世界报》馆主得知，该报刊载了两篇文章，对拙编词典颇多举荐滥美之词，这些文章据悉均出自阁下您的手笔。

承蒙您如此的推崇，本应是一种荣耀，只可惜在下自来无缘得到王公大人的青睐，所以真不知道该如何来领受这份荣耀，也不知道该用些什么言辞来聊表谢意 § When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your lordship, I was overpowered, like the rest of mankind, by the enchantment of your address, and could not forbear to wish that I might boast myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre;—that I might obtain that regard for which I saw the world contending; §回想当年，也不知哪来的勇气，我竟第一次拜访了大人阁下我像所有的人一样，深为大人的言谈丰采所倾倒，不禁玄想他年能口出大言“吾乃天下征服者之征服者也——虽知此殊荣是举世学人所欲得，仍希望有朝一日能侥幸获取 §but I found my attendance so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so little. §然而我很快发现自己的趋走逢迎根本没有得到鼓励。

不管是出于自尊也好，自矜也好，我反正无法再周旋下去我本是一个与世无争、不善逢迎的书生，但那时我也曾用尽平生所学的阿谀奉承的言辞，当众赞美过阁下能做的一切我都做了如果一个人在这方面付出的一切努力（不管是多么微不足道）受到完全的忽视，他是绝不会感到舒服的 §Seven years, my lord, have now passed, since I waited in your outward rooms, or was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance , one word of encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before. §大人阁下，从我第一次候立于贵府门下，或者说被您拒于门外时算起，已经7年过去。

7年多来，我一直苦苦地撑持着我的编撰工作这些苦楚，现在再来倾诉，已经没有用处所幸我的劳作而今终于快要出版，在这之前我没有获得过一个赞助的行为，一句鼓励的话语，一抹称许的微笑我固然不曾指望这样的礼遇，因为我从未有过一位赞助人 § The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a native of the rocks. §维吉尔笔下的牧童最后终于和爱神相识，这才发现所谓爱神只不过是岩穴土人而已 §Is not a patrons my lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help?  §大人阁下，有的人眼见落水者在水中拼命挣扎而无动于衷，等他安全抵岸之后，却才多余地伸出所谓援手，莫非这就叫赞助人么？ §The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it: till I am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it. §大人而今忽有雅兴来关照在下的劳作，这原本是一桩美意，只可惜太迟了一点。

迟到我已经意懒心灰，再无法快乐地消受；迟到我已经是孤身一人，无从与家人分享；迟到我已经名闻海内，再不需阁下附丽张扬 §I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received, or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as owing that to a patron, which providence has enabled me to do for myself. §我既然本来就没有得到过实惠，自然勿需怀感恩之心；既然是上帝助我独立完成这桩大业，我自然不愿让公众产生错觉，似乎我曾受惠于某一赞助人但愿上面这番话不致被认为太苛刻、太不近人情 §Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of learning, I shall not be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope, in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation, My Lord,    Your lordship's most humble,    most obedient servant,    SAM. JOHNSON. §我已经在根本没有所谓学术赞助人赞助的情况下使§自己的工作完成到目前这个地步, 那么, 尽管我将要在更§艰难无助的情况下—假如还有可能更艰难无助的话§—完成全稿, 我也绝不会感到沮丧。

因为我已经早就从§那个赞助的美梦里幡然猛醒; 曾几何时, 我还在那梦中得§意非凡地自诩是§大人您门下最卑微§最驯顺的仆人§塞缪尔·约翰逊§1755 年2 月7 日2. Analysis§J’s strong indignation at the lord's fame-fishing and his firm resolution not to be reconciled to the hypocritical lord. §the author's assertion of his independence--- the opening of a new era in the development of literature. 3. comments on Johnson: 1). next only to William Shakespeare, Samuel Johnson is perhaps the most quoted of English writers. 2). The latter part of 18th century is often called the “Age of Johnson”. Novels in the 18th century The Division of the Novels realistic novel sentimental novel Gothic novel historical novelback Realistic Novels Daniel Defoe Jonathan Swift Henry Fielding Tobias Smollettback Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)back1.His Life: is generally considered to be England's first true novelist. §Daniel Foe (Defoe§changed his name to its more aristocratic form§sometime around the age of forty.)§Defoe’s early years were eventful: When§he was five, the Great Plague ravaged London and§his family fled to the country; the next year, the§Great Fire of London leveled thousands of houses§and eighty-seven churches, including St. Paul’s Cathedral.§Morton’s Academy from 1671 to 1679§Defoe began writing at the end of the seventeenth century§The Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702) Arrested for sedition, Defoe was pilloried, fined, and jailed. His half-year sojourn in Newgate Prison left him with§huge debts and a failed brick and tile factory.§The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner, Written by Himself (1719; commonly known as Robinson Crusoe)§Father of the novel§first great realistic writer2. His works:§“Robinson Crusoe”---masterpiece§“Captain Singleton”---novel of adventure.§“Colonel Jacque”--- novel of adventure§“Moll Flanders”§“Roxana”--- picaresque novel§“A Journal of the Plague Year”---historical fiction 伦敦大疫记伦敦大疫记 §contents: (P36):Crusoe is shipwrecked off South America. He stays in the island 28 years, two months and 19 days. Aided with his enterprising behavior, Crusoe adapts into his environment. After several lone years he sees a strange footprint in the sand. His horrified discovery leads to encounter with savages. Crusoe meets later the frightened native and names him Man Friday. Finally they are rescued by an English ship bound to England. 3). Analysis of the novel＊＊first-person narrator§the human need for society and the equally powerful impulse for solitude. §a dream of building a private kingdom, a self-made Utopia, and being completely self-sufficient. ＊＊Crusoe: empire-builder (laborer); pioneer colonizer (exploiter); foreign trader: Brazil, China, Madagascar, Germany --- the typical image of an enterprising English bourgeoisie of 18th century: a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in struggling against the hostile natural environment. 4). theme: the bourgeois man has the courage and will to face hardship and determination to preserve himself and improve on his livelihood by struggling against nature----glorification of bourgeois man 3. features of Defoe’s language:§simple, concise, smooth, easy, almost colloquial “Purity and Propriety of Stile”§short, plain sentences. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best. 4. significance of his novels: 1). “Robinson Crusoe” is one of the forerunners of the English realistic novels2). His novels express that “man is good and noble by nature but may succumb to an evil environment”.3). His novels glorify human labor which is considered as the source of happiness.4). His novels never condemn colonial expansion and Negro-slavery and bear some colonialism.Defoe’s fiction is notable for its verisimilitude§Verisimilitude is created through the naming of actual places and people, the inclusion of historical events as background, the inclusion of prefatory statements in which the narrator writes of material omitted because of lack of space or mentions corroborating testimony to the events in the narrative, and the creation of completely believable characters.§Defoe’s fiction has often been criticized for its lack of discernible structure—he rarely uses chapter divisions, leaving no clues to the dramatic moments and internal climaxes in the narratives.§The LIFE and Strange Surprizing ADVENTURES of ROBINSON CRUSOE, of YORK. Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver’ by PIRATES. Written by Himself.§a plot summary§the ordinariness of the narrator§Defoe’s insistence on realism§an autobiographical narrative§Crusoe’s concern is not only for his physical well-being;§he begins a journal in which he plans to record his spiritual progress as it is reflected in the daily activities that mark his sojourn on the island and throughout the narrative he insists that his life is proof of the workings of divine Providence.§Robinson Crusoe is often described as one of the major forerunners of the novel. Although written as a travel narrative, it displays many of the modern novel’s major characteristics: realism (through verisimilitude, the first-person narrator, imagery from the natural world, and copious detail), interesting and believable characters engaged in plausible adventures and activities, and an engaging story.Moll Flanders 1722§Born into poverty, a resourceful and§industrious woman works her way through moral lapses and misfortunes to repentance and middleclass respectability and comfort.§Born to and abandoned by a convicted felon,§Moll Flanders is reared first by Gypsies and then as a ward of the parish of Colchester. At fourteen, she is hired as a servant to a kind family who educates her along with their daughters. Moll, believing she is loved, loses her virtue to the oldest son, who later pays her to marry the youngest son, Robin.§Widowed after five years, Moll is married four§more times, to a draper who spends all of her§money, to a sea captain who turns out to be her half brother, to a roguish Irishman (from whom she separates when he decides to continue highway robbery), and to a bank clerk (with whom she finds happiness until his death).§Between the brother and the highwayman, she spends six years as the mistress of a gentleman whose wife is insane. Moll also bears several children to husbands and lover, but she seems ill-suited to motherhood. In the end, she is reunited with the great love of her life— Jemmy E., the charming Irishman—with whom she resolves to live respectably.§Moll learns to say little about herself, to pretend to wealth in order to attract§men, and to behave like a lady in order to appear worthy of gentlemen.§The story of Moll Flanders’s life and misadventures displays the stylistic traits for which Defoe is praised. Moll’s world—eighteenth century London,§with its crowded streets and throngs of humanity, with its gulf between rich§and poor—is vividly realized in Defoe’s attention to detail and in his frequent allusions to actual places and real people.§The horrors of Newgate Prison are detailed in vigorous language that conveys strong images of confinement and inescapable poverty. §Finally caught in the act, Moll is incarcerated in Newgate and condemned to death. She is visited by a clergyman, who prays with her and entreats her to repent her wicked past. Moved by the minister’s words, Moll realizes that she must be concerned with her spiritual impoverishment.§There is more agreement on Defoe’s contribution to the development of the new genre. From Defoe’s work, the novel acquired realism, moral complexity, plain language, and a focus on everyday human life. He may not be the father of the English novel, but that genre owes much of its character to the fiction he produced.§Defoe’s fascination with precise location and the intricacies of process allows Moll to elaborate on her plans for snaring rich husbands and on her techniques for stealing jewelry or other goods. So graphically located are Moll’s exploits that at times the book reads like a criminal atlas of eighteenth century London streets or even like a manual for a would be thief.Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)§Straddling the gap between ancient and modern ways of thinking, Swift gave to young and old alike new ways of viewing human life from satirical perspectives.§1689, he established residence at Moor§Park as secretary to Sir William Temple§Swift returned briefly to Ireland in 1690, having contracted a disease of the inner ear that plagued him until death with fits of giddiness, nausea, and deafness.§he was ordained an Anglican priest in 1695 and took a parish near Belfast§On April 29, 1696, his proposal of marriage was declined by Jane Waring, whose counterproposal he would reject§four years later.2. His works:§essay: “The Battle of Books” 书战书战 “A Tale of A Tub” 一只木桶的故事一只木桶的故事 §novel: “Gulliver’s Travels” 格列佛游记格列佛游记 §pamphlets on Ireland: “The Drapier’s Letters” 布商的信布商的信  “A Modest Proposal”一个小小的建议一个小小的建议 §poem: “Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift” “The Battle of Books”§ quarrel between the Ancients and the    Moderns, favour the Ancients— neo-classicism§ the Spider and the Bee: great writers should draw from nature “A Tale of A Tub”§ prose satire on: religion, modern learning, government, philosophies of present and past§ ＊＊ Swift defended ordinary Irish people against England's economic oppression. 1. “The Drapier’s Letters”: against the monopoly granted by the English government to William Wood to provide the Irish with copper coinage  2. “A Modest Proposal”: Irish poverty can be solved by the breeding up their infants as food for the rich. (reform)§English tyranny and social injustice§ the miseries of the Irish people § loss of freedom of the whole Irish nation§The enormous body of Swift’s writings displays four distinct yet overlapping personalities.§First is the straightforward, plain-talking voice of common sense.§Second is the comic wit of roaring laughter to be found in The Battle of the Books and the Bickerstaff§materials. Swift’s Predictions for the Year 1708, which he wrote under the Bickerstaff pseudonym, poked§fun at a quack astrologer and predicted that he would die on March 29.§Third is the diabolical mode of the ironical satirist who pens Gulliver’s Travels, A Modest Proposal, and A Tale of a Tub. Savage indignation lashes out at§every corruption of morals or reasoning that humankind is capable of undertaking.§Fourth is the least familiar of Swift’s personalities, the childlike personal friend. The passionless Swift shows himself in poems such as Cadenus and Vanessa and in his private letters to Stella to be capable of genuine tenderness and warmth.§Swift was the first English writer to gauge the full§force of the displacement that modernism would§work upon traditional values and ways of thinking.§His official self longed for institutional order, but§his demonic imagination let him know that human§nature could not be tamed or improved by so weak§a rider as reason. As such, his disgust was enormous,§and he dared to show human nature as it is.§Little wonder that Swift is understood by children§and often misunderstood by scholars and clerics.1). background: §Jonathan Swift wrote Gulliver's Travels in the 1720's when much of the world was not yet discovered. The novel takes place from 1699 to 1715. Gulliver, a surgeon, narrates his voyages to foreign lands and calls them "Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World In Four Parts by Lemuel Gulliver." §The novel is known as a classic children's story. It was originally received by audience as merely an exciting adventure. People of this era enjoyed reading literature about travel into unknown lands. §Gulliver's Travels was originally published without Swift's name on in fear of government persecution. Critics have suggested that while Swift criticized humans and their vanity and folly, he believed that people were capable of behaving better than they did and hoped his works would convince people to reconsider their behavior.  2). content: (P53) masterpiece, four parts a. adventure to Liliput: 小人国小人国  b. adventure to Brobdingnag 大人国大人国  c. adventure to Laputa 飞岛国飞岛国  d. adventure to Houyhnhnms 智马国智马国 ＊＊ first adventure§6 inches, 1/10 of corresponding things in human world, the Great Man-Mountain§party struggle ( the Whigs and the Tories): high and low heels on their shoes§Wars due to quarrels on two ways of breaking eggs (religious controversies between Catholics and Protestants)＊＊second adventure§ 6o feet giant, superior to human§ description of House of Peers and House of Commons§ the King is struck with horrors of Gulliver’s society: corruption, bribery, injustice, wars, all the vices ＊＊ third adventure: §Laputa: absent-minded philosophers and astronomers who care for nothing but maths and music§Several other places and all kinds of people: Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdrib (famous dead of ancient and modern history: Alexander, Caesar, Homer and Aristotle)＊＊ fourth adventure§best part: satire is sharpest and bitterest§intelligent horses: noble, all good and  admirable qualities Yahoos: low, vile, no better than beasts human beings3). Analysis of the novel§ a biting work of political and social satire: satire on the whole English society and social evils of the early 18th century 3. Comments on Swift 1). master of English prose, master satirist, known for his lively imagination2). had a deep hatred for all the rich oppressors and a deep sympathy for all the poor and oppressed.3). His understanding of human nature is profound: human nature is seriously flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed. He intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature. Henry Fielding(1707-1754)back1. His life: novelist, playwright and journalist, founder of the English Realistic school in literature. Fielding's career as a dramatist has been shadowed by his career as a novelist. His aim as a novelist was to write comic epic poems in prose - he once described himself as "great, tattered bard."  §by birth a gentleman, close allied to the aristocracy, mother died when Fielding was eleven, his father remarried, was sent to Eton (1719-1724), learned ancient Greek and Roman literature, University of Leiden in the Netherlands, §returning to England, writing for the stage, a manager of the Little Theatre, “Tom Thumb”, most famous and popular drama, it is said it made Swift laugh for the second time in his life. §1736 took over the management of the New Theatre, for several years life was happy and prosperous§sharp satirizing the government gained the attention of Sir Robert Walpole, career in theater was ended by Theatrical Licensing Act- directed primarily at him§ editor of a magazine Champion, an opposition journal, studies of law, called in 1740 to the bar, illness - gout and asthma - unable to pursue his legal career. §married in 1734 Charlotte Cradock, model for Sophia in “Tom Jones” and for the heroine of “Amelia”, enjoyed ten years of happiness until her death in 1744, long periods of considerable poverty, greatly assisted by his friend R. Allen, model for Allworthy in “Tom Jones”. §1747, scandal by marrying his wife's maid Mary Daniel, condemned, actually she was about to bear his child, and Fielding wished to save her from disgrace, health was failing and was forced to use crutches, went with his wife to Portugal, died on October 8, 1754 in Lisbon. 2. His works: ＊＊dramas: “Tom Thumb” “The Coffee-House Politician” “Don Quixote in England” “The Tragedy of Tragedies” §In his plays, he attacked all kinds of contemporary voices: corruptions in politics, the injustice of the law, the depravity, degeneration of high society and the mischief of religious superstition.  ＊＊Novels “Jonathan Wild” “Joseph Andrews” “Tom Jones” “Amelia” “Jonathan Wild”1). historical fact2). satire on the whole political system of his age: no essential difference between the two parties3). exposure of the English bourgeois society: self-profit motive, hypocrisy, treachery§Jonathan Wild (1682-1725), English criminal. After being apprenticed to a local buckle-maker, he went to London to learn his trade, getting into debt, and was imprisoned for several years. He made acquaintance of many criminals in prison. He turned to a receiver of stolen goods after his release. §A special act of parliament was passed by which receivers of stolen property were made accessories to the theft, but Wild's "lost property office" had little difficulty in evading the new law, and became so prosperous that two branch offices were opened. §Wild naturally came to arrange robberies himself, and he devised and controlled a huge organization, which plundered London. In return for Wild's services in tracking down such thieves as he did not himself control, the authorities for some time tolerated his offences. §Such stolen property as could not be returned to the owners with profit was taken abroad. At last either the authorities became more strict or Wild less cautious. He was arrested, tried. He was hanged at Tyburn on the 24th of May 1725. back“Joseph Andrews”1). parody and satire of Richardson's “Pamela”  Joseph, Fanny, Parson Adams(P88)§Richardson's novel “Pamela”, subtitled “Virtue Rewarded”, was immensely popular when it appeared in 1740. Richardson tells the story, through letters, of the repeated attempts of Pamela's employer, Mr. B to seduce her and then to rape her. Won over by her virtue, he marries her even though she is a mere servant. §Fielding satirized Pamela with “Shamela”. Then in the next year, he wrote “Joseph Andrews”, which is a second satire of “Pamela”. Why Fielding wrote two parodies of one novel is puzzling. What is clear is that, though “Joseph Andrews” may have started as a satire of Pamela, it quickly outgrew that narrow purpose and has amused generations of readers.2). Significance:§ruling class oppress common people while poor folks help those in misery§exposes the vices and follies of upper classes, institutions, and society's values. “Amelia”1). Content: an army officer (Booth) is imprisoned. His virtuous wife (Amelia) resists all temptations and stays faithful to him. 2). satire on moral degeneracy of the noble and rich: shameless deeds to satisfy their personal lust“Tom Jones”1). masterpiece＊＊18 books, in the picaresque tradition.＊＊Coleridge declared that the plot of “Tom Jones” was one of the three perfect plots in all literature, the others were Ben Jonson's “Alchemist” and Sophocles's “Oedipus”.2). List of characters§Squire Allworthy: a benevolent gentleman of Somersetshire.§Bridget Allworthy: his sister§Tom Jones: foundling§Sophia Western: daughter of Squire Western§Blifil: son of Bridget and Tom’s half-brother§Lady Bellaston: an aristocratic lady  3). Content: three part: Tom’s adventure in the country, on the road, in London (P91)4). characterization ※※ Tom§illegitimate, upright, frank, kindhearted, open-minded and handsome, ready to help others §filled with what Fielding called “the glorious lust of doing good” but with a tendency toward dissolution §Tom Jones is one of the first characters in English fiction whose human virtues and vices are realistically depicted. ※※ Blifil: lying, cheating, greedy, selfish, social evils of the a-b world※※ Sophia: brave, independent, defy the tradition5). Summary of the StoryA. Fielding’s greatest work in which the author almost portrays 40 characters. In the story the author purposely depicts an illegitimate orphan as his hero--who at that time was looked down upon in society .§In England, until the middle of the 19th century, it was enacted by law that an illegitimate child had no right to the legacy of its parents as well as to the use of the family name of its father. The illegitimate would suffer greatly from this discrimination all through his life, which could not be changed even the parents married later on. B. Intention: ＊＊ strong dislike and opposition to the unfair of the society＊＊ sympathy to the poor and the oppressed3. Comment on fielding 1). Fielding was the founder of the English Realistic Novel who set up the theory of realism in literary creation. The characters in his novels are often the common people, who are natural, that means they are not perfect; they have their own weakness; they also do wrongs. 2). A truthful artist's duty was to reproduce human nature faithfully and accurately as he saw it. Fielding really influenced English literature a lot. The  Victorian novel is primarily in the tradition of Fielding.3). Fielding is close to life, credible. Maybe that's why Byron called him“ the prose Homer of Human Nature." 4). He chooses common people as the hero, not upper class. In "Tom Jones", he even chooses a foundling as his hero: advocate of equality. Sentimentalist movement§Sentimentalism is one of the important trends in English literature of the middle and later decades of the 18th century.§Along with a new vision of love, sentimentalism presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason, and personal instincts of "pity, tenderness, and benevolence" over social duties. §Literary work of the sentimentalism, marked by a sincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken peasants, wrote the "simple annals of the poor”.§ Writers of sentimentalism justly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions.§The sentimentalist writers continued struggle against feudalism, but they attacked the progressive aspect of this great social change in order to eliminate it. Sentimentalism embraced a pessimistic outlook and blames reason and the Industrial Revolution for the miseries and injustices in the aristocratic-bourgeois society and indulges in sentiment, hence decadence is common in the literary works of the sentimental tradition. §Poetry: Thomson, Young, Gray, Cowper. §Drama: the true founder of sentimental comedy has often been traced back to Richard Steele whose comedies "The Lying Lover" and "The Conscious Lovers" contained elements of sentimentalism.§in prose fiction: 1. Goldsmith's "The Vicar of Wakefield” may be considered as representative works of this category.2. Sterne was the most prominent and the most typical of the sentimental tradition among all English novelists and among all English writers of the 18th century. Thomas Gray 1. Life story: educated at Eton, Cambridge. In 1739 he began a grand tour of the Continent. Gray returned to England in 1741. He continued his studies at Cambridge, and he remained there for most of his life, living in seclusion, studying Greek, and writing. In 1768 he was made professor of history and modern languages, but he did no real teaching. He was offered the laureateship in 1757 but refused it.2. works: §first important poems: “To Spring” “On a Distant Prospect of Eton College” § masterpiece “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”§Odes: “The Progress of Poesy” and “The Bard”§ “The Fatal Sisters” §“The Descent of Odin”Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Elegy: comes from a Greek word meaning “lament.” Originally, in classical Greek and Roman poetry, elegies are written in couplets ( in hexameter and pentameter couplets). They can be of any subjects, from love, lamentation to war and politics. They are distinguished from other types of poetry by their metrical form, rather than by their subject matters. §Since 16th century, elegies have come to be associated mainly with lamentation and death, and composed no set metrical form. Subject matters begin to play a crucial role in defining an elegy. Elegies written thereafter are invariably melancholy. “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”§masterpiece, meditation of death§one of the most popular and most frequently quoted poems in the English language§recognized immediately for its beauty and skill, and the Churchyard Poets are so named because they wrote in the shadow of Gray’s great poem.§The speaker sees a country churchyard at sunset, which impels him to meditate on the nature of human mortality. The poem invokes the classical idea of memento mori, a Latin phrase means "Remember that you must die." The speaker considers that in death, there is no difference between great and common people. He goes on to wonder if among the lowly people buried in the churchyard there had been any poets or politicians whose talent had simply never been discovered. §Gray's poetry illustrates the evolution of 18th century English poetry from Classicism to early Romanticism. On the one hand, it has the ordered, balanced phrasing and rational sentiments of neoclassical poetry. On the other hand, it tends toward the emotionalism and individualism of the Romantic poets; most importantly, it idealizes and elevates the common man.  Sentimental Novelsw Samuel Richardsonw Laurence Sternew Oliver Goldsmithback            Samuel Richardson (1689-1761)back§His life§His works§Comment back§the son of a London joiner, little formal education, a priest, apprenticed to a printer in London, set up shop as a stationer and printer, one of the leading figures in the London trade. §As a printer, his output: political writing, Tory periodical “The True Britain”, the newspapers “Daily Journal”, 26 volumes of the “Journals” of the House of Commons, general law printing.   §married his employer's daughter, Martha Wilde, six children. Sadly, she and all their children died, married again, six children with Elizabeth Leake, two also died of childhood illness.§novels were enormously popular, sentimental storyteller, emphasis on detail, psychological insights into women earned him a prominent place. Richardson received great fame for his writing and had many admirers. back his works “Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded” “Clarissa Harlowe” “Sir Charles Grandison”back “Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded”§“Pamela” describes "virtue" in an 18th-century way that is strange to our times. Pamela Andrews is a young maidservant in a wealthy household. The son of the household, Mr. B., conceives a passion for her and repeatedly schemes with his servants to seduce her. She protects her virtue successfully and B., moved in her favor when he reads the journal she has been keeping in secret, is forced to propose to her if he is to have her.         1). first epistolary novel Pamela Mr. B2). chief contribution: first novel of psychological analysis of character (first psycho-analytical novel)3). analysis§satire on the bourgeois moral standards: fixes a price for everything, the price for virtue of woman’s chastity is honorable marriage and wealth and high social position from the marriage.§The popularity of “Pamela” was due to the moralistic nature of the story, which made it acceptable for the century's rapidly growing middle class. The epistolary form was an innovation that was a source of great pride for Richardson. But  contemporary readers were shocked by some questionable behaviors of the characters; it was easy to regard Pamela, for example, as a scheming young woman trying to gain higher social status by making a nobleman marry her.  “Clarissa Harlowe”1). masterpiece, a tragic story, epistolary form Clarissa Robert Lovelace Solmes Colonel Morden2). the first important novel that pays close attention to women’s position in the bourgeois society. §Background: “Clarissa Harlowe”, in  7 volumes. The massive work, which runs to more than a million words and stands as one of the longest novels in the English language. Except novel sequences, it may well be the longest novel in the English language. It contains 547 letters, most written by the heroine, Clarissa Harlowe, her friend, Anna Howe, Lovelace, and his friend, John Belford. 3). analysis＊＊Clarissa dares to run away from her family to avoid marrying the man she dislikes----her revolt against family tyranny＊＊She refused to marry Lovelace after being seduced by him ---- fight for thorough emancipation of women＊＊But she, representative of the virtue, is too weak to fight against the wicked social environment, so her struggle is a doomed failure.4). reception of “Clarissa” §a financial and critical success. Contemporary readers traveled to the Upper Flask, the tavern Clarissa and Lovelace stopped at in Hampstead.§Samuel Johnson praised Clarissa as "the first book in the world for the knowledge it displays of the human heart." §Fielding admired Richardson's portrayal of character and was moved to compassion, terror, grief and astonishment by Clarissa. 3. Comment on Richardson1). a great story-teller, letter-writer and moralizer, a new way of writing novels ---- epistolary form2). first important novelist to pay much attention to the woman’s position in the day: sympathy3). His novels give satire on the moral hypocrisy and social evils, but there is too much sentimentality in the novels. 4). write both for entertainment and for social and moral instruction, great influence to literature of his time and after him. back Laurence Sterne (1713-1768) backw His life w His workw Commentback§Ireland, son of an English army officer, Cambridge University, a priest in the Church of England, spent the next 21 years as a vicar in Yorkshire, preaching eccentric sermons, reading the 16th-century French satirist François Rabelais and old romances, and spending his time and attentions on women other than his wife.§In 1760 settled in London, despite suffering from tuberculosis, lived a social, dissolute life, published Journal to Eliza (1767), written to Mrs. Eliza Draper, one of his many women friends, health reasons, from 1762-64 lived in Toulouse, France, with his wife, who was mentally ill, and their daughter. §In 1765 a tour of France and Italy. “A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy” records his appreciation of the social customs he encountered in France, from this novel originated the name of “sentimentalism”.§died in London on March 18, 1768.backHis works: §“A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy”§“Tristram Shandy” 项狄传项狄传back                                               “A Sentimental Journey”1). personal experiences of travel in France and Italy: all kinds of people: flower girls of the shops, servants of his hotel, coachman who drove him from town to town, peasant maidens dancing in the fields.2). “my design in it was to teach us to love the world and our fellow creatures better than we do”  “The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy” §masterpiece§strange, plotless novel: gives the reader very little of the life, and nothing of the opinions of the hero, who appears in Vol 4,6 and then disappears from the story.§Tristram is setting out to tell us his life and opinions, in his monologue he speaks one thing reminds him of another with which it has no logical connection; he is forced to digress because a memory comes into his mind; or he remember a story, a fact or an example from some book. It seems that Sterne tried to catch the actual flow of human mind and sentiment in ordinary life---- a forerunner to the modern novel and stream of consciousness.            Comment on Sterne§the most prominent and the most typical of the sentimental tradition among all English writers of the 18th century backOliver Goldsmith1728-1774poet playwright novelist essayistback His life His work Commentback§Ireland, Protestant, eight, severe attack of smallpox which disfigured him for life, B.A. degree in Trinity College Dublin, left Ireland to study medicine in Edinburgh and Leiden, but his career as a physician was quite unsuccessful, subsequently wandered through Europe, supporting himself by begging and by playing the flute, before settling in London. §extravagant in taste and generous, died leaving debts of £2000, never married, but had a close relationship with Mary Horneck, with whom he fell in love in 1769.§died after a short illness in the spring of 1774, and buried in the churchyard of the Church of Saint Mary.§Works: novel: “The Vicar of Wakefield” poem: “The Deserted Village” “The Traveller” comedy: “The Good-Natured Man” “She Stoops to Conquer” essay: “The Citizen of the World” (Chinese philosopher)§“The Deserted Village” heroic §“The Traveller” couplet1).“The Traveller”: personal observations during his European wanderings--- “the best poem which had appeared since Pope” (Johnson)2). “The Deserted Village”: best poem, description of village life, laments a society “wealth accumulates and men decay” §Background: No one knows when or why Goldsmith wrote “The Vicar of Wakefield”. Certainly it was composed before 1762 when the manuscript saved him. Samuel Johnson found him about to be arrested by his landlady for debt. Naturally he asked him if he had any marketable manuscript and Goldsmith dug out “The Vicar of Wakefield”. §After a hasty glance, Johnson went off to Newbery, the bookseller, and sold it for sixty guineas. It remained unpublished for four years; however, its popularity spread. During the Victorian age it was translated into a dozen languages.                         “The Vicar of Wakefield” 1). masterpiece, major characters: Dr. Primrose Olivia Squire Thornhill Sophia Mr. Burchell (Sir William Thornhill)2). Characterization Dr. Primrose: good, silly, easy to cheat, charitable, and a victim of the tyrannical and evil. Primrose is deprived of everything—home, daughters, son, reputation— only through trusting human beings. Yet he never loses hope, never tires of life with unbreakable spirit. 3). Theme: ＊＊a social and political satire: rural honesty, kindness, and patience triumph over urban values; ＊＊belief in the goodness of human beings. 4). influence:  It is briefly mentioned in Jane Austen's Emma, Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Charlotte Brontë's The Professor, Louisa May Alcott's Little Women and in Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther  Comments on Goldsmith1). Representative of sentimentalism: Goldsmith shows his compassion for the poor and the afflicted. His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. 2). shows passive resistance to social evil and had a false idealization of the patriarchal society. backGothic novel (Gothic romance)1. Background ＊＊ In late 18th c. with the full development of the Industrial revolution, in literature a group of writers were not satisfied with rationalism and realism, because neither of them could solve the social contradictions of the age, thus appeared a genre named Gothic novels or romance.＊＊The Gothic novel is a literary genre, in which the prominent features are mystery, doom, decay, old buildings with ghost-haunted rooms, underground passages, and secret stairways in them, madness, hereditary curses and so on, with setting in a ruined Gothic castle or abbey. §The Gothic novel takes its roots from former terrorizing writing that dates back to the Middle Ages, and can still be found written today by writers such as Stephen King (The Shawshank Redemption). It became the forerunner of the modern mystery or terror novel.2. Features1). full of extraordinary situations of mystery and terror and supernaturalism.2). The settings are often in the medieval background with gloomy sentiment in a “Gothic architecture”3). The stories are unrealistic3. Representatives§Horace Walpole: forerunner The Castle of Otranto ---- the first Gothic novel §William Beckford Vathek, and Arabian Tale ---- (oriental background)  §Matthew Gregory Lewis: The Monk §Mrs. Anne Ward Radcliffe The Mysteries of Udolpho ---- Gothic novel in standard form §Clara Reeve: The Old English Baron§Mary Shelley (19th century): Frankenstein 弗兰肯斯坦弗兰肯斯坦 Historical Novels --- Edward GibbonbackEdward Gibbon1737-1794•supreme historian of Enlightenment§a rich family, oldest son, lost mother at a tender age, witnessed the successive deaths of his siblings (common for children not to survive their infancy), weak and sick during his childhood, often had to interrupt his schooling. §at home, made much use of the well stored library, eagerly reading anything which he could lay hands on,15, college, "with a stock of erudition that might have puzzled a doctor" §In 1753 sent by his father to Lausanne, Switzerland, fell in love with Suzanne Curchod, who eventually married a banker, their relationship ended by his father, and Gibbon remained unmarried for the rest of his life. §Suzanne became the mother of the famous French writer and early champion of women's rights, Madame de Stael. §In 1764 visited Rome, inspired to write the history of the city§between 1774 and 1783 sat in the House of Commons, from 1783 spent much of his time in Lausanne and in England.§so dissocial that one could not stand close to him. Benjamin Franklin was visiting England and he wanted to see Gibbon, refused, not diminish Franklin's admiration of the historian.  The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 罗马帝国衰亡史罗马帝国衰亡史 1). introduction: six volumes, and covering about 13 centuries from 200 A.D. to the fall of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 2). Contents: ＊ the establishment and spread of         Christianity,   ＊ the reorganization of European nations,   ＊ the rise of Mohammedanism   ＊ the crusades. Drama in the 18th CenturyRichard Brinsley SheridanRichard Brinsley Sheridan1751-1816 Dublin, Ireland, parents moved to London, Harrow School for six years,1772 eloped to France with a young woman called Elizabeth Linley, a marriage ceremony was carried out at Calais, but caught by the girl's father, as a result of this behaviour, challenged to a duel on 2nd July 1772, seriously wounded, recovered, qualifying as a lawyer, Mr. Linley gave permission for the couple to marry. §began writing plays,1775 the Covent Garden Theatre produced his comedy, “The Rivals”. §1776 Sheridan joined with his father-in-law to purchase the Drury Lane Theatre for £35,000. The following year he produced his most popular comedy, “The School for Scandal”. §In 1776, political career, 1780, MP of Stafford, a frequent speaker in the House of Commons and supported the resistance of the colonists, American Congress was so grateful for Sheridan's support, offered a reward of £20,000. Under attack for disloyalty to his country, not accepted the gift. §1812 attempted to win his old seat of Stafford, unable to raise the money to pay the normal fee of five guineas per voter, defeated, serious financial problems §1813 arrested for debt. released when his wealthy friend, Samuel Whitbread handed over the sum required, died in great poverty on 7th July 1816. His works: two comedies§“The Rivals” 情敌情敌§“The School for Scandal” 造谣学校造谣学校The Rivals (P161)§Captain Absolute          Lydia   Sir Anthony Absolute   Mrs. Malaprop§Lydia: typical girl of romantic dreams and sentimentalism Malapropism: consistent misapplication of words and phrases  The School for Scandal 造谣学校造谣学校§Content (P163)§    Sir Oliver Surface Joseph Surface      Lady Sneerwell      Charles Surface        Maria§Joseph: scoundrel and hypocritical Charles: dissipated, extravagant; a good heart and sympathy for the poor and the miserableComments on Sheridan and his plays§Both plays satirize fashionable society with its materialism, gossip, and hypocrisy. §each ridicules sentimentalism, neither is itself entirely free of that attribute. 。