Chapter-3-Government-and-the-Commonwealth英美概况PPT优秀课件.ppt

Chapter 3 Government and the Commonwealth1I. Constitution•Britain is both a parliamentary democracy (议会民主制议会民主制) and a constitutional monarchy. The King or Queen is the head of state, their powers are largely symbolic. The government is elected by people and governs according to British constitutional principle.2•The British Constitution is usually described as unwritten which means it is not systematically codified into a single document as “the British Constitution”.•The British Constitution is made up of three main parts: Statutory Law, Common Law(习惯法习惯法), and Conventions(司法惯例司法惯例).•Statutes are those that have actually been passed by Parliament.3•Common Law is deduce from custom or legal precedents and interpreted in court cases by judges.•Conventions are rules and practices which do not exist legally, but are regarded as vital to the working of government.4•The Constitution can be altered or amended by normal parliamentary processes. The flexibility of the British Constitution helps explain why it has developed so fully over the years. This is no single body which has the sole responsibility for interpreting the provisions of the Constitution. 5•In other words, the Constitution is subject to interpretation by different bodies, the most important being politicians, judges, and scholars.•The division of powers:•The Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary.6II. Government•1. The Legislature•Parliament is the law-making body of Britain.•Parliament, which is the supreme legislative authority( (最高立法机关最高立法机关),),•Parliament consists of the King or Queen, the House of Lords, the House of Commons.7•the role of the King or Queen.•1.The stability of the British government owes much to the monarchy.•2.The King or Queen is the source of all government powers.•Though they have many titles, their role is symbolic, ceremonial, and unpolitical.•They do every thing on the advice of the Prime Minister.•The King and Queen’s state activities?8•3.The importance of the monarchy is found in its effect on public attitude.•The role of the House of Lords:•To know the composition of its members.•The Lord chancellor( (上院议长上院议长) ) is the President of the House of Lords.•1. the main legislative function is to examine and revise bills from the House of Commons.•2. it also acts in a legal capacity as the highest court of appeal(上诉法庭上诉法庭).9•Reform in the House of Lords•1.to remove the remaining hereditary peers and establish a fully elected chamber (议会议会).•2.to transfer the judicial powers of the Law Lords (司法议员司法议员 ) to a new Supreme Court.10•上议院的法官上议院的法官 •　　上议院享有司法权是其一项古老的权力。

19世纪时，英国曾企图取消上议院的司法权，其主要理由是上议院的议员并非司法人才，不懂法律但由于种种原因发生妥协，而代之以加封一定的法律贵族成为上议院的成员而了结，这就是1876年的上诉管辖法创立的上议院高级法官（Law Lords），由此建立起上议院审理上诉案件的模式上议院高级法官被正式地称为上诉法院常任高级法官（Lords of Appeal in Ordinary）他们代表上议院审理上诉案件在理论上，上议院共700名议员都可以成为法官，但依照惯例，只有这十二名法律专家的终身议员以及大法官，才是真正行使上议院司法权的法官，其他上议院议员并不参予司法权的行使 11•The House of Lords•1．． the Duke and Duchess• ( (公爵夫人，女公爵公爵夫人，女公爵) )•2．． the Marquess and Marchioness •( (候爵夫人，女候爵候爵夫人，女候爵) )•3．． the Earl and Countess•( (伯爵夫人，女伯爵伯爵夫人，女伯爵) )•4．． the Viscount and Viscountess •( (子爵夫人，女子爵子爵夫人，女子爵) )•5．． the Baron and ‘Baroness •( (男爵夫人，女男爵男爵夫人，女男爵) )12House of Lords1314House of Lords15•An introduction to the House of Commons•1.It is the center of parliamentary power.•2.It is composed of 646 Members of Parliament, known as “MPs”.•3.the party which holds the majority of “seats” in the House of Commons forms the government.16•4. its leader acting as the Prime Minister.•5.the government has been in power for five years, it must resign and hold a general election.•6.whenever the government does not the support of Parliament for its major policy, a new election is held.17•Mr. Speaker( (下院议长下院议长) ) is elected by a vote of the House at the beginning of each new parliament to preside over the House and enforce the rule of order. He has more powers than the Lord Chancellor and rank only next to the Prime Minister.18•Three major functions of H.C.•1. the most important is drafting new law.•2. it is to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the government.•3. it is to influence future government policy.19•The House of Commons 20•The House of Commons 21The Houses of Parliament 议会大厦议会大厦(Palace of Westminster)22231Big Ben 2New Palace Yard 3House of Commons 4Westminster Hall 5Central Lobby 6St Stephen's Hall 7St Stephen's Porch 8House of Lords 9Royal Gallery 10Queen's Robbing Room 11Victoria Tower 12Old Palace Yard24•英国的议会由上、下院组成。

英国的议会由上、下院组成 上议院也叫上议院也叫贵族院，主要由王室后裔、世袭贵族、新贵族院，主要由王室后裔、世袭贵族、新封贵族、上诉法院法官和教会的重要人物封贵族、上诉法院法官和教会的重要人物组成上议院是英国最高司法机关，按照组成上议院是英国最高司法机关，按照英国的传统，上院议长由大法官兼任英英国的传统，上院议长由大法官兼任英国的大法官亦即法律大臣，位高权重，不国的大法官亦即法律大臣，位高权重，不仅是全国司法界领袖，而且是内阁部长仅是全国司法界领袖，而且是内阁部长•下议院又称平民院或众议院，其议员由选下议院又称平民院或众议院，其议员由选民按小选区多数代表制直接选举产生民按小选区多数代表制直接选举产生25•下议院行使立法权、财政权和行政监督权下议院行使立法权、财政权和行政监督权立法的程序一般是提出议案、议会辩论、立法的程序一般是提出议案、议会辩论、经三读通过、送交上议院通过，最后呈英经三读通过、送交上议院通过，最后呈英王批准颁布议会的财政权由下议院行使，王批准颁布议会的财政权由下议院行使，财政大权为内阁一手把持议会对行政的财政大权为内阁一手把持议会对行政的监督权是通过议员对政府大臣的工作提出监督权是通过议员对政府大臣的工作提出质问；对政府的政策进行辩论；批准或否质问；对政府的政策进行辩论；批准或否决政府缔结的条约；同时议会有权对政府决政府缔结的条约；同时议会有权对政府提出不信任案，出现这种情况时，内阁必提出不信任案，出现这种情况时，内阁必须辞职，或提请国王解散下院，提前大选。

须辞职，或提请国王解散下院，提前大选26•和下议院相比，上议院的权力相对有限，和下议院相比，上议院的权力相对有限，它的职权主要有搁置否决权，有权审查下它的职权主要有搁置否决权，有权审查下议院通过的法案上议院如果不同意下议议院通过的法案上议院如果不同意下议院通过的议案，只能将议案拖延院通过的议案，只能将议案拖延1 1年后生效，年后生效，对于下议院通过的财政法案，则只能拖延对于下议院通过的财政法案，则只能拖延1 1个月上议院保留着历史上遗留下来的司个月上议院保留着历史上遗留下来的司法权，是英国最高上诉法院，也是英国最法权，是英国最高上诉法院，也是英国最高司法机关上议院有权受理除苏格兰刑高司法机关上议院有权受理除苏格兰刑事案件以外的所有民事和刑事上诉案件，事案件以外的所有民事和刑事上诉案件，也审理贵族的案件和下议院提出的弹劾案也审理贵族的案件和下议院提出的弹劾案272. The Executive•The government is made up of the Prime Minister, the Cabinet ministers, and assistants to the minister.•Civil servants (公务员公务员/文官文官) work in departments led by ministers to accomplish these tasks.28•the Cabinet•Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from members of his own party in parliament. Most of them are appointed as ministers in charge of government departments.•The role of the Prime Minister is traditionally described as “the first among equals”(在同类成员中享有较在同类成员中享有较大的权力或承担更大的责任的人大的权力或承担更大的责任的人 )29•The Cabinet is at the center of the British political system. It is the supreme decision-making body in the British government.•The Cabinet meets regularly, usually once a week, in one of the rooms in the Prime Minister’s official residence, No. 10 Downing Street(唐宁街唐宁街10号号).30•The Cabinet works on the principle of collective responsibility (集体问责制集体问责制). and individual ministerial responsibility.•Cabinet ministers that disagree with major decisions are expected to resign.•When a vote of no confidence is passed in Parliament, every minister resigns their role as an executive, and the entire executive branch is dismissed.31•英国政治中，内阁是一个包括多个由首相任命的政府部门的官方体制。

多数成员是高级的政府大臣，他们大多被冠以政府部门 “大臣”的称号. 内阁的正式成员将会失去原有的议会席位内阁组成内阁组成在英国宪制程序上，内阁是英国枢密院下属委员会；因此各大臣拥有The Right Honourable 阁下（英国对某些官员的称呼）阁下（英国对某些官员的称呼）称号在近代历史中，内阁大臣几乎都是由下议院议员,以及少数几位上议院议员所组成而现今的内阁大臣几乎均由下议院议员担任.　32•内阁会议内阁会议内阁在定期会召开内阁会议，通常是每一星期的星期四早上，理论上在内阁会议上讨论政府重要政策以及做出决定会议时间的长短是取决与首相的风格以及整个政治的情况，在现今的状况，内阁会议的时间大概在30分钟就结束33•与国会的关系与国会的关系内阁向国会问责存在了两样关键性宪政习俗：集体内阁责任、和个人部长责任；它们起源于议会主导原则的国会内，执政党议员成为内阁大臣事实 集体内阁责任意指全内阁需要承担全体决策的后果；当国会通过不信任动议时，全内阁各位大臣圴需辞职(回为普通国会议员)•个人部长责任意指各位内阁大臣需要承担属下部门决策的后果 由于政府公务员队伍的匿名及固定性，政府部门任何严重疏忽即时令有关大臣请辞。

34•The Privy Council (枢密院枢密院)•It serves as a body of advisors, has about 450 members consisting of current and former Cabinet members along with important public figures in Britain and the commonwealth.•It is largely ceremonial. Most of its power is held by one of its committees, the Cabinet.35•The Prime Minister•As the head of government, the prime Minister controls not only the Cabinet but also the parliament, as he or she is the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister is a really powerful leader in Britain.363.The Judiciary•The judicial branch of the British government is rather complicated in that England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland all have their own legal systems, with considerable differences in law, organization and practice.37•The legal system of Northern Ireland is similar to that of England and Wales, but Scotland has a distinct legal system based on Roman law, which is the legal basis for most European countries.•British law consists of two parts, civil (民法民法) and criminal (刑法刑法) , with different courts at various levels to handle cases in each category.38•Most cases are tried before lay justices (业余法官业余法官) sitting without a jury.•More serious cases are tried in higher courts before a jury of 12 (15 in Scotland),•The House of Lords functions as the supreme court of justice(最高法院最高法院) and the highest court of appeal(最最高上诉法院高上诉法院) for both criminal and civil cases.39•The Lord Chancellor (大法官) used to be the supreme head of the judiciary.•All judges are appointed by the King or Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister and their appointments are irrevocable.•The Home Secretary (内政大臣), is in charge of the overall criminal justice system(刑事司法系统刑事司法系统) in England and Wales40上议院上议院(House of Lords)上诉法院（民事庭）上诉法院（民事庭）Court of Appeal (Civil Division)高等法院高等法院High Court王座庭王座庭(Queen’s Bench Division)家事庭家事庭(Family Division)大法官庭大法官庭(Chancery Division)三座法庭又分别设三座法庭又分别设行政庭行政庭(Administrative Court),上诉庭上诉庭(Divisional Court)郡法院（郡法院（County Courts））民事民事法院法院系统系统 41上议院上议院(House of Lords)上诉法院（上诉法院（刑事庭刑事庭 ））Court of Appeal (Criminal Division )高等法院高等法院High Court刑事法院（刑事法院（Crown Court）） 治安法院治安法院(Magistrate’s Courts)青少年法院青少年法院(Youth Courts)刑事刑事法院法院系统系统 42III. Political Parties•The British Parliament operates on a two-party system.•Political parties in England originated in the late 17th century.•Protestant reformers was known as the Whig Party, while those who supported the King and the Church of England were known as the Tory Party.43•1649年查理一世被共和党人处死后保皇党人年查理一世被共和党人处死后保皇党人立他的哥哥为查理二世。

詹姆斯在王位继承立他的哥哥为查理二世詹姆斯在王位继承的顺序上居第一位的顺序上居第一位•1668年詹姆斯转化为罗马天主教徒新教徒年詹姆斯转化为罗马天主教徒新教徒害怕一个天主教徒会成为国王害怕一个天主教徒会成为国王 1679英国许英国许多有权势的议员企图取消詹姆斯的继承权多有权势的议员企图取消詹姆斯的继承权,当当取消詹姆斯王位的法令几乎要通过时取消詹姆斯王位的法令几乎要通过时,查理宣查理宣布解散国会（这个法令是英国两党制的开始，布解散国会（这个法令是英国两党制的开始，英国英国辉格党辉格党是支持这个法令的党派，而是支持这个法令的党派，而托利托利党党是反对这个法令的党派），是反对这个法令的党派），1680年和年和1681年召开的议会也因同一原因被解散年召开的议会也因同一原因被解散 441. The Conservative Party•The Conservative Party developed out of the Tory Party ( (托利党托利党),), which was formed by the supporters of James II, while the opponents formed the “Whig( (辉格党辉格党) )”. . The Tory Party changed its name into the Conservative Party ( (保守党保守党) ) and Whig into Liberal Party (自由党自由党) ) in 1832.45•The Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to “conserve”, such as landowners and businessmen, often from the middle and upper-middle class. •For this reason, it is sometimes called the “Right” (右派右派).46•Its standpoints:•1.It supports free enterprise (企业经企业经营自由营自由) and privatization of state-owned enterprises.•2.It is against too much government intervention, especially nationalization.•3.It favors reducing the influence of trade unions(工人联合会工人联合会) and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.47•The Conservative Party was the “Empire Party( (王党王党) )” during the 19th century. Now the Conservative Party has about 2 million members. 482) The Labour Party ( (工党工党) )•It was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.•It quickly replaced the Liberal Party.49•Its standpoints:•1.It believes in an egalitarian economy, wherein the function of the government is to act as a “redistributive” agent, transferring wealth from the rich to the poor by means of taxing the most affluent members of society and providing support for the poor in society.50•2.The government should provide public services, such as social welfare, education and public transport.51•Its contributions:•1.it set up the National Health Service(全民公费医疗体系全民公费医疗体系) to provide high quality, free health care for all, “from cradle to grave” “从摇从摇篮到坟墓篮到坟墓” ,• 2.it provides high payments, and nationalized a wide range of industries.523) The Liberal Democrats( (自由民主党自由民主党) )•It was formed in 1988 as the third largest party.•It may be seen as a party of the “middle”, occupying the ground between the two main •parties ideologically53•They emphasize the need for change in Britain’s constitutional arrangements( (宪法性安排宪法性安排) ) to make government more democratic and accountable, and they are seen by many as comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance of the individual and the social.54IV. Election•The general election in Britain is held every five years.•the whole country is divided into 646 electoral areas or constituencies, each of which has more or less 60,000 voters.•In order to win the election, each party has a local organization in each constituency. Its main task is to choose the candidate and help him to win.55•Any British aged over 18 may vote in the general election, with the exception of lunatics, peers who already have seats in the House of Lords, certain categories of convicted criminals, churchmen and resident foreign citizens.•Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary to make a deposit of 500 pounds which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.56•A vote for an independent candidate ( (独立候选人独立候选人) ) are unlikely to win.•On Election Day, people go to their local polling station to vote.•The party which wins over half of the constituencies is the majority in the House of Commons, subsequently forming the new government.57•No British election would be complete without its eccentric no-hoper running for parties such as the “Monster Raving Loony Party”(”(妖怪狂欢发疯党妖怪狂欢发疯党) ) .5859•笑话政党笑话政党 •武力猫王教会党（Church of the Militant Elvis Party） •精美衣服党（Fancy Dress Party） •千年豆党（Millennium Bean Party）• MP3党（MP3 Party） •官方妖怪狂欢发疯党（Official Monster Raving Loony Party）（最知名的笑话政党，曽经主政Ashburton镇） •摇滚发疯党（Rock‘n’roll Loony Party） •被困主义党（Stuckist Party） •玩具熊联盟（Teddy Bear‘s Alliance） •投自己一票彩虹梦幻票（Vote For Yourself Rainbow Dream Ticket） 606162Ballot paper 无记名投票选票无记名投票选票63Screened cabin 64V. The Commonwealth•1.Origin of the Commonwealth•During the 19th and 20th centuries, its subject territories embarked upon an independence movement. The British capitulated, the British Empire then transformed into the British commonwealth. 65•The Balfour Declaration (贝尔福宣贝尔福宣言言) states that only countries “owing allegiance to the Crown” can become members of the Commonwealth.•The London Declaration (伦敦宣言伦敦宣言) In 1949 is often considered a milestone. 662. Characteristics and Functions•Characteristics:•1.it is a voluntary association.•2.its members are sovereign states.•3.the British monarch is the symbolic head.•4.Most of its members are its former colonies.67•Functions•1.it is an organization in which members can closely interact.•2.it is to advocate democracy, human rights, and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.683. Members of the Commonwealth•It contains three groups of territories:•1.White territories•白人成员国白人成员国•2.Non-white territories•非白人成员国非白人成员国•3.Mixed territories •混合成员国混合成员国69•目前有53个成员, 分别为：安提瓜和巴布达、澳大利亚、巴哈马、孟加拉国、巴巴多斯、伯利兹、博茨瓦纳、文莱、喀麦隆、加拿大、塞浦路斯、多米尼加联邦、斐济、冈比亚、加纳、格林纳达、圭亚那、印度、牙买加、肯尼亚、基里巴斯、南非、莱索托、马拉维、马来西亚、马尔代夫、马耳他、毛里求斯、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、瑙鲁、新西兰、尼日利亚、巴布亚新几内亚、圣基茨与尼维斯、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、萨摩亚、塞舌尔、塞拉利昂、新加坡、所罗门群岛、斯里兰卡、斯威士兰、坦桑尼亚、汤加、特立尼达和多巴哥、图瓦卢、乌干达、英国、瓦努阿图、赞比亚、巴基斯坦。

•津巴布韦是2003-12-07正式宣布退出的 704. Organizations of the Commonwealth•1.The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.•英联邦政府首脑会议英联邦政府首脑会议•2. The Commonwealth Ministers’ Meeting.•英联邦部长会议英联邦部长会议•3. The Commonwealth Secretariat.•英联邦秘书处英联邦秘书处715. Commonwealth Day英联邦日英联邦日•It is celebrated on the second Monday in march each year.•Originally, the day was celebrated to commemorate the birthday of Queen Victoria.•Today, it is an opportunity to promote understanding of global issues, international cooperation and to improve the lives of its 1.8 billion citizens.72Thank you!73。