
胭脂虫的生物生态学分析及高产培育技术研究.doc
52页单位代码10635 学 号 2004333 硕士学位论文胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa的生物生态学及培育技术研究. z.-Study onbioecology and breed technique ofDactylopius coccus Costa. z.-胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa的生物生态学及培育技术研究摘要Dactylopius coccus Costa是一类寄生于仙人掌上的昆虫,原产于墨西哥和中美洲,寄主为仙人掌类植物胭脂虫体内含胭脂红酸(C22H20O13),用其干体提取的胭脂红酸可进一步制备成胭脂红,广泛地用于食品、化妆品、药品等多种行业中目前世界上天然胭脂红色素需求激增,价格日高,我国有广大的亚热带半干旱地区,这些地方生态环境比较脆弱,不适合发展农业,但却适合种植仙人掌饲养胭脂虫目前,我国已从国外引进Dactylopius coccus Costa进行培育,但还没有量化生产,胭脂红一直依赖进口。
因此,研究目前我国已引入胭脂虫品种的基础生物生态学和筛选出最佳培育条件,可以开辟新的养殖增产途径,对今后更好的在我国推广胭脂虫,具有重要的理论和实践意义本文以Dactylopius coccus Costa为研究对象,以Opuntia ficus-indica为寄主植物,观察了其基本形态学和生物学习性研究了温度对产卵、孵化和生长发育的影响调查野外培育的性比、羽化率、胭脂酸含量、虫体质量,并研究了一些可以操作的培育技术主要研究内容和结论如下:1 在KM温室,对胭脂虫的基本形态学和生物学习性进行了细致的观察其生长发育主要经过以下几个虫态:其中雌虫包括卵、一龄若虫、二龄若虫、雌成虫等4个虫态,雄虫包括卵、一龄若虫、二龄若虫、预蛹、蛹、雄成虫等6个虫态省各试验点不同时间雌雄性比调查数据较为一致,绝大部分蛹都能正常羽化为雄成虫2 在20~30℃五种恒温下,观察了温度对Dactylopius coccus Costa产卵与孵化的影响结果表明,在不同的温度下,孵化率有一定的差异,但差值很小每个世代在25℃时达到最大,同处理其他温度时的孵化率都低于25℃,说明25℃时未孵化的卵比其他温度下要少,未孵化的卵量的比例随温度降低或升高而增加,绝大多数的卵都能正常孵化。
平均孵化量和产卵量总体上随着温度的升高而增加随着温度的升高,产卵率越高,产卵速率越快,产卵历期越短在实验中,雌成虫在20~30℃五种恒温条件下产卵及孵化情况均比较理想实验中前20d内的产卵量占该世代总产卵量的90%以上,可见,胭脂虫产卵主要集中在采虫后20d内3在22℃、25℃、28℃三个温度下,观察了温度对Dactylopius coccus Costa实验种群动态的影响结果表明,Dactylopius coccus Costa在发育期间各个阶段都有一定的死亡率在卵期,随着温度的升高,卵的死亡率降低从一龄若虫(爬虫)到一龄若虫(固定)阶段出现高死亡率,分别有65%、64%、69%的一龄若虫(爬虫)死于这个阶段,原因可能是爬虫在仙人掌片爬行时从上面掉落下来导致死亡从一龄若虫(固定)到二龄若虫阶段和二龄若虫到成虫(雄成虫和雌成虫)两个阶段,死亡率有所降低随温度的升高,累积死亡率增加,长时间处于较高温度环境内,对Dactylopius coccus Costa生长发育有一定的影响,最终导致雌成虫数量减少4 Dactylopius coccus Costa的整个世代发育起点温度为5.77℃,有效积温为1600.60d/℃。
结合KM、***、**和**等地区的平均温度,Dactylopius coccus Costa在上述的试验点可以周年繁殖5 测定***所产Dactylopius coccus Costa干虫体的胭脂红酸含量和水分含量,在***各试验点采集Dactylopius coccus Costa雌成虫,测定其长、宽和怀卵量结果表明,***所产的干虫体的胭脂红酸含量高于秘鲁,水分含量方面低于秘鲁的,干虫体的质量令人满意,可以进行生产加工在雌虫长、宽和怀卵量方面,整体上无较大差异,只有个别因为气候和季节等原因而存在例外6 在KM温室和人工气候箱,研究了采虫时间对产卵及孵化的影响和各种放虫方法对最终得到雌虫数量的影响结果表明,雌成虫成熟程度对产卵率有明显的影响,已经发育成熟但没有开始产卵雌成虫的产卵率显著低于已经部分开始产卵的雌成虫;从外观上看,纸袋法和切片法两种放虫方法的雌虫虫体形态较为一致,发育速度没有明显差异两种方法放虫最后得到的平均雌虫量分别为110.5头/片和75头/片,说明纸袋法放虫效果较好;当放虫量为10头/片时,所得的雌虫量平均量最高,为288.0头/片表明在实际放虫过程中,放虫量在10~30头/片时较为适合,其中以10头/片为最佳放虫量;胭脂虫彻底去雄后雌虫生长发育正常,与正常行两性生殖的胭脂虫自然种群相比较,各个虫态的形态特征、生长发育和生活周期上没有明显的差异。
去雄后的雌成虫的怀卵量远少于对照,说明在去雄后,雌虫没有进行正常的两性生殖,导致其怀卵量大大降低去雄组与对照组的卵的形态存在比较明显的差异,正常发育的雌虫经历交配,其体内的卵的形状均呈椭圆形,大小较为一致而经过去雄雌虫体内的卵呈纺锤形,形状极不规则对照组雌虫卵长度集中在0.7mm附近,宽度集中在0.4mm附近,而去雄组卵的大小非常分散,没有比较一致的值,表明没有进行正常两性交配对卵的形态有显著影响本文主要对Dactylopius coccus Costa在形态学、生物学习性、发育繁殖、野外调查和培育技术等几方面作了一些初步的研究,明确了在我国培育胭脂虫的主要途径、方法及重大意义关键词:胭脂虫;形态学;生物学特征;培育技术. z.-Study onbioecology and breed technique ofDactylopius coccus CostaAbstractDactylopius coccus Costawas a kind of precious and economic resources insect, original produced in Me*ico and Central America, it's host was the cactus plant. Mature insect contained carmine acid, accounting for 19%-24%of fuck insect weight .The carmine acid was a kind of chemistry material, can be used as the ideal and natural dyestuff, its advantage was anti-o*idizing, and also not deposing under the light. The carmine has been used for food, cosmetics, drugs etc. Professions broadly. Currently, the necessary of carmine in the world was increased, the price was higher, urging the cochineal insect industry to rise. There were large subtropics region in our country, these local ecological environment was flimsy, and not suitable for developing the agriculture, but suit to plant the cactus and feed the cochineal insect. There has no breeding of cochineal insect and production of the carmine in our country, the using of carmine had been depending on import. Therefore, the research our country has introduced the grain variety at present the foundation bioecology and screens the best cultivation condition, may open the new cultivation production increase way, to better will from now on promote the grain in our country, will have the important theory and the practice significance.This article take Dactylopius coccus Costa as the object of study, take Opuntia ficus-indica as the host plant, observed its basic morphology and the biological training ability. Studied the temperature to ovipositing, hatching and development influence. Research the se* ratio, the eclosion rate, the carmine acid content and the insect quantity of breed in field, and studied some manipulable technology. The main research content and the conclusion include: 1 In Kunming hothouse, the basic morphology and biological behaviour of Dactylopius coccus Costa was meticulous observed. There were several instars among the growth of Dactylopius coccus Costa. Female included the egg、the first instars、the second instars、adult female. The male insect included the egg、the first instars、the second instars、pre-pupa、pupa、adult male insect. Yunnan Province various test points different time female and male is more consistent than the investigation data, the major part cocoon all can the normal emergence 。












