
外科学教学课件:肝脏疾病(7年制).ppt
152页Liver Diseases肝肝 脏脏 疾疾 病病This talk was based on but not limited to:2郑树森郑树森陈孝平陈孝平吴在德吴在德David C. SabistonLawrence W. Way提要:提要:1.解剖生理学要点解剖生理学要点2.肝脏肿瘤肝脏肿瘤n原发性肝细胞癌☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆n肝脏占位性病变(鉴别诊断)3.肝脓肿肝脓肿34肝脏解剖生理概要肝脏解剖生理概要-1nThe liver lies in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, under the protective rib cage, beneath the diaphragm and connected to the digestive tract by means of portal vein and biliary drainage system.nGilsson’s capsule, bare area, falciform lig., coronary lig., gastrohepatic lig., hepatoduodenal lig., Winslow’s foramen 1: liver; 2: rib cage; 3: spine; 4: pelvis 外科手术开启肝癌局部治疗的先河外科手术开启肝癌局部治疗的先河•1888年,Langenbuch有目的地成功施行了第一例肝切除术•1891年,Lucke成功地从肝左叶切除一例带蒂的恶性肿瘤•1899年,William报告3例成功的肝切除术病例•1911年, Wendel报告切除肝右叶肿瘤Carl Langenbuch (1846-1901)2. Huang ZQ. Digestive Surgery, 2002,1(1):1-6.3. YM Jiang. J Shandong Med Univ 2000;3:20-3. 由于肝脏结构复杂、血运丰富、组织厚而脆,手术时极易出血而难以控制,故在很长一段时间内肝脏外科发展缓慢。
解剖学推动肝脏外科发展Couinaud分段法示意图 20世纪中叶,肝脏解剖研究初步解决了肝切除平面等问题,使肝癌治疗第一次获得实质性进展,由此确立了外科手术在肝癌治疗中的主导地位Ø1951年,瑞士的Hjortsjo提出肝动脉和肝胆管呈节段性分布Ø1954 年,Couinaud提出较为完备的肝脏八段法功能解剖,在当今临床实践中得到广泛应用2. Huang ZQ. Digestive Surgery, 2002,1(1):1-6.3. YM Jiang. J Shandong Med Univ 2000;3:20-3.Claude Couinaud (16 Feb 1922, - May 2008)7Epitaph: a belated advertisement for a line of goods that has permanently discontinued.(墓志铭: 是一则已经永久断市的货物的过时广告)Claude Couinaud (16 Feb 1922, - May 2008)nCLAUDE COUINAUD is a French surgeon and anatomist who made significant contributions in the field of hepatobiliary surgery. He performed detailed anatomic studies of the liver and was the first to describe its segmental anatomy. He developed the concept of plates and vasculobiliary sheaths of the liver, and performed the first "controlled" hepatectomy by isolating and dividing the Glissonian sheaths going into the liver, prior to parenchymal dissection. He also performed the first biliary bypass to the left hepatic duct and the first "segment III bypass." His book Le Foie: Etudes Anatomique et Chirurgicales stands as the seminal work on hepatobiliary surgery and anatomy of the 20th century.8Arch Surg. 2002;137(11):1305-1310. doi:10.1001/archsurg.137.11.1305. 9肝脏解剖生理概要肝脏解剖生理概要-2nThe American (lobar) system & the French (Couinaud segmental) system.Claude Couinaud (16 February 1922, - 4 May 2008)10肝脏解剖生理概要肝脏解剖生理概要-311肝脏解剖生理概要肝脏解剖生理概要–4-Cauinaud segmentation12肝脏解剖生理概要肝脏解剖生理概要–5-left hepatic vein13肝脏解剖生理概要肝脏解剖生理概要–6-middle hepatic vein14肝脏解剖生理概要肝脏解剖生理概要–7- hepatic vein & portal vein15肝脏解剖生理概要肝脏解剖生理概要–8- portal vein planea web-based interactive 3D teaching model ofsurgical liver anatomy: http://pie.med.utoronto.ca/VLiver/1617肝脏解剖生理概要肝脏解剖生理概要 – 9---- How good we could do?“精准肝脏外科时代精准肝脏外科时代”的基础的基础--精确精确影像技术、影像技术、精良精良手术器械、手术器械、精工精工手术操作手术操作“精准肝脏外科时代精准肝脏外科时代”的基础的基础--精确精确影像技术、影像技术、精良精良手术器械、手术器械、精工精工手术操作手术操作南方医科大学珠江医院:数字影像技术应用于肝胆胰外科(三维可视南方医科大学珠江医院:数字影像技术应用于肝胆胰外科(三维可视+虚拟手术)虚拟手术)意大利国立癌症研究中心(意大利国立癌症研究中心(INT)) ---- 影像学:影像学:CT三维重建血管、胆管三维重建血管、胆管术前评估-1意大利国立癌症研究中心(意大利国立癌症研究中心(INT)) ---- 影像学:评估肝切除量影像学:评估肝切除量术前评估-222“精准肝脏外科时代精准肝脏外科时代”—保留肝中静脉的左半肝切除保留肝中静脉的左半肝切除23“精准肝脏外科时代精准肝脏外科时代” —保留肝右静脉的右后叶肝切除保留肝右静脉的右后叶肝切除“精准肝脏外科时代精准肝脏外科时代” —Seg 5,6术中精确定位术中精确定位“精准肝脏外科时代精准肝脏外科时代” —单独阻断单独阻断Seg-5 Glisson蒂蒂“精准肝脏外科时代精准肝脏外科时代”--单独阻断单独阻断Seg-5,,8 Glisson蒂蒂“精准肝脏外科时代精准肝脏外科时代”--单独阻断单独阻断Seg-6 Glisson蒂蒂“精准肝脏外科时代精准肝脏外科时代”--切除标本大体病理切除标本大体病理“精准肝脏外科时代精准肝脏外科时代”--切除切除S56后显露后显露Glisson蒂蒂Video:20140923王应勋右叶切除-录像RHV MHV搏动30311.双重血供双重血供 (75% via 门静脉门静脉 & 25% via 肝动脉肝动脉)n肝动脉携氧量占肝动脉携氧量占50%%n门静脉两端是毛细血管网,无门静脉两端是毛细血管网,无功能性静脉瓣功能性静脉瓣n门静脉不可结扎或切断门静脉不可结扎或切断n肝脏血流阻断时间肝脏血流阻断时间~15-20min肝脏解剖生理概要肝脏解剖生理概要–9- circulation32n代谢代谢: bilirubin, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, vitamin, drugs & toxins, ect.n凝血凝血n免疫调节免疫调节n再生再生n肝功能指标肝功能指标: 1.转氨酶: aspartate phosphatase (AST), alanine phosphatase (ALT)2.Alkaline phosphatases (ALP), Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)3.Albumin4.Child-Pugh肝功能分级; ICG15min渚留率肝脏解剖生理概要肝脏解剖生理概要–10Child-Pugh classification33Pugh RNH, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC and Williams R.Transection of the esophagus for bleeding esophageal varices.Brit. J. Surg. 60: 646-654, 1973. **Lucey MR, Brown KA, Everson GT, Fung JJ, Gish R, Keeffe EB, et al.Minimal Criteria for Placement of Adults on the Liver Transplant Waiting ListLiver Transplantation ans Surgery, Vol. 3, No 6 (November), 1997:pp 628-637Pre-operation evaluation-4Italian National Tumor Institute((INT)) --- liver function evaluation::ICG retention ratePre-operation evaluation-5Hepatic Trauma 肝脏创伤36Hepatic trauma -Classification and characteristics nPenetrating hepatic-trauma1.Due to bullets, knives etc.—less devitalization of liver parenchyma2.Due to missiles –shatter massive parenchymanBlunt hepatic-trauma1.Due to direct blow to the upper abdomen or lower right rib cage, or sudden deceleration.2.Might be explosive bursting wounds or linear lacerations.3.The posterior superior segment (SVII) is mostly vulnerable due to its location.4.Damage to the hepatic veins is catastrophic and difficult to expose during exploration. n(The staging system is for your reference only, but pls pay attention to by what index it score the damage) 37nSymptoms and signs: hypovolemic shock (hypotension, decreased urinary output, low central venous pressure)nLaboratory findings: no detectable anemia due to rapid blood loss. Leukocytosis is common.nImaging findings: 1.CT scan is prior to other techniques among stable patients. It can estimate the type and severity of the injury, which is useful information for both triaging and exploration if necessary.2.Sonography is of limited value; angiography is diagnostic in hemobilia. Hepatic trauma -Clinical findings 38Hepatic trauma -imaging findings39Hepatic trauma -imaging findingsHydrops at the adrenal glandHepatic trauma with fracture of left rib40Hepatic trauma -Treatment nIn a review of 1842 liver injuries from 1975-1999 in USA, nonsurgical therapy is used in more than 80% of blunt injuries.nThe death rates from both blunt and penetrating trauma have improved significantly due to decreased death from hemorrhage.J. David Richardson, et al. ANNALS OF SURGERY, 232( 3): 324–330.41Hepatic trauma -Treatment Nonoperative management for patients with stable minor injuries 1.Contained subcapsular or intrahepatic hemotoma, 2.Unilobar fracture3.Absence of devitalized liver4.Minimal intraperitoneal blood5.Absence of injuries to other intra-abdominal organs. nHowever, repeatedly examination should be carried out during the observation !!! 42Hepatic trauma -Treatment Exploration for patients with active bleeding or a major injury Techniques include: 1.Drainage for wounds without hemorrhage2.Suture for bleeding vessels3.Massive injury may require lobectomy4.Subcapsular hematomas requie thoroughly exploration.5.Temporary clamping the inflow vessels in the hilum helps ligating bleeding vessels. 6.Ancillary bypass, packing or absorbable gauze mesh may help in some cases. 43Hepatic trauma -Complications and prognosis 1.Rebleeding2.Subhepatic sepsis3.Hemobilia-selective angiography and embolization4.Stress ulcers—H2 receptor antagonists (Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Omeprazole etc)5.Mortality—depends on the type and severity of injuries. Liver Neoplasms45肝脏肿瘤的分类肝脏肿瘤的分类 良性肿瘤:肝腺瘤,肝血管瘤良性肿瘤:肝腺瘤,肝血管瘤…… 原发性肝癌原发性肝癌 恶性肿瘤:恶性肿瘤: 继发性肝癌:转移性继发性肝癌:转移性原发性肝癌原发性肝癌Primary Liver Cancer☆☆☆☆☆ 47原发性肝癌原发性肝癌组织病理类型:n肝细胞癌肝细胞癌:Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC);>90%;;n胆管细胞癌胆管细胞癌:: Cholangiocellular carcinoma (cholangiocarcinoma); ≦≦5%n混合细胞型肝癌混合细胞型肝癌: Mixed form (hepatocholangioma). 1%~2%--- 中国中国《《原发性肝癌诊疗规范(原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2011年版)年版)》》48ICC—即使病理诊断也要小心谨慎49背景背景 ((肝细胞癌,肝细胞癌,HCC))1.西方国家少见, 有地理分布特异性(非洲撒哈拉地区、东南亚、日本、太平洋岛国、希腊、意大利) 2.曾被认为是“癌肿之王”、“不可治愈”3.临床症状隐匿,发现多已晚期4.近20~30年诊断和治疗获得了长足的进步5.根治性切除后5-yrs存活率 30~70%. 50背景背景 - 病因一览病因一览1.病毒性肝炎病毒性肝炎 (HBV, HCV et al.)2.真菌毒素真菌毒素 (黄曲霉毒素aflatoxins)3.饮水污染饮水污染 (池塘或沟渠水)4.Other causes1)遗传遗传2)酗酒酗酒3)Alpha-antitrypsin deficiency4)Hemochromatosis5)Plant alkaloid6)Oral contraceptives7)Androgens8)Vinyl chloride9)Trace elements(?): Cu, Zn, Ni and Co10)Parasites: Clonorchis sinensis •乙肝病毒•丙肝病毒•酒精•黄曲霉素 B1损伤肝细胞增殖停止慢性肝脏疾病肝硬化异常肝结节弥漫性疤痕(胶原)中度基因不稳定性•显著的基因不稳定性•P53缺失肝细胞癌不典型增生结节肝增生性结节分化良好中度分化分化不良增生坏死肝癌组织病理及分子肝癌组织病理及分子病理病理特性特性复杂复杂----治疗治疗HCC的复杂性的复杂性Farazi PA, DePinho RA. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6:674-687.•HBV•HCV•Alcohol•Aflatoxin B1InjuryHepatocyteproliferativearrestStellate cellactivationChronic liver diseaseLiver cirrhosisAbnormal livernodulesExtensive scarring(collagen)Moderate genomicinstability•Marked genomicinstability•Loss of p53HepatocellularcarcinomaDysplasticnoduleHyperplasticnoduleWell differentiatedModerately differentiatedPoorly differentiatedProliferationNecrosis肝星形细胞活化52535/100,000背景背景 – 流行病学流行病学1.全球发病率在上升2.发病有地理特征1)非洲: 164.6/100 000 (莫桑比克)2)美国:标化发病率 1--7/100 000 /年3.男性多于女性:4—9 :1(1:1 in group without preexistent liver disease)4.移民美国的东方人发病率6倍高于白人 40/100,000HCC54背景背景 – 中国流行病学中国流行病学1.1995 全国肿瘤普查1)死亡率 20.40/100,0002)29.07/100 000 (男) 11.23/100,000 (女)2.自1990s, NO 2. 肿瘤杀手 (城市次于肺癌,农村次于胃癌;15 ~ 34岁国人的头号肿瘤杀手)3.中国的地理分布特征:东南沿海4.高发区(≥ 30/100 000) :广西扶绥、江苏启东、浙江舟山、福建同安 中国是HCC发病重灾区GLOBOCAN 2008 (IARC) , Section of Cancer Information (19/10/2010)http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/cancers/liver.asp0 3.0 5.3 8.3 17.6 117 Age-standardised incidence rates per 100,000 男性发病率:34.7/100,000(292,966例)女性发病率:13.7/100,000(109,242 例)男性死亡率:34.1/100,000(226,830例)女性死亡率:13.1/100,000(105,249例)占全球病人的占全球病人的55%55%男性高发于女性男性高发于女性 ( (2.67 : 12.67 : 1) )肝癌在中国的地区分布肝癌的流行概况广西是HCC重灾区¨Population: 45 million (~40% are Zhuang minorities)¨Climate: generally hot and humid. The Tropic of Cancer across the middle of Guangxi, separates the northern & southern part. ¨Guangxi has the highest crude mortality rate of HCC¨HCC accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths (50% in males and 25% in females).¨Most HCC patients are farmers.¨Hepatitis virus, aflatoxin and contaminated water are recognized risk factors.中国肝癌标化死亡率(1979年肿瘤死亡年鉴) A: standadized by Chinese population; B: standadized by world population在广西的肝癌地区分布肝癌的流行概况60病理要点病理要点 n大体病理类型:1.巨块型: 2.结节型:3.弥漫型: n分化程度: Ⅰ~Ⅳn包膜:(+)预后相对较好 (Fibrolamellar hepatoma)n转移:1.淋巴结 (hilar, celiac)2.肺3.腹腔4.门静脉、肝静脉 61早期肝癌和小肝癌的概念早期肝癌和小肝癌的概念n早期肝癌早期肝癌是指没有临床症状和体征的肝癌,是指没有临床症状和体征的肝癌,亦即亚临床肝癌。
亦即亚临床肝癌 n微小肝癌微小肝癌::Ф≤1.0cmn小肝癌小肝癌::1.0cm <Ф ≤3.0cmn中肝癌中肝癌::3.0cm <Ф ≤5.0cmn大肝癌大肝癌::5.0cm <Ф 10.0cmn巨大肝癌巨大肝癌:: Ф>10.0cm--- 中国中国《《原发性肝癌诊疗规范(原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2011年版)年版)》》62Hepatocellular carcinoma, liver, grossnA 2.0 cm HCC arising in a chronic viral hepatitis; the tumor, which had a predominant acinar architecture, produced abundant bile. 63Hepatocellular carcinoma, liver, grossnNodule of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C; the pale golden yellow color is common. 64Hepatocellular carcinoma, liver, gross nThe neoplasm is large and bulky and has a greenish cast because it contains bile. To the right of the main mass are smaller satellite nodules. •The satellite nodules of this hepatocellular carcinoma represent either intrahepatic spread of the tumor or multicentric origin of the tumor. 子灶与癌栓子灶与癌栓6566Hepatocellular carcinoma, liver, grossnAnother hepatocellular carcinoma with a greenish yellow hue. Such masses may also focally obstruct the biliary tract and lead to an elevated alkaline phosphatase 67HCC (fibrolamellar carcinoma ), grossnWell demarcated fibrolamellar carcinoma with central scar; the surrounding liver is normal. •Coarse lamellar fibrosis is characteristic histologically; note the pale body in the large eosinophilic malignant hepatocyte (X40). 68Hepatocellular carcinoma, liver, microscopic nThe malignant cells of this HCC (seen mostly on the right) are well differentiated and interdigitate with normal, larger hepatocytes (seen mostly at the left ) •This HCC is composed of liver cords that are much wider than the normal liver plate that is two cells thick. There is no discernable normal lobular architecture, though vascular structures are present. 69临床表现临床表现 –症状、体征症状、体征n早期无明显症状:早期无明显症状:即亚临床肝癌(无症状和体征)n肝区疼痛肝区疼痛:常见的首发症状,持续性钝痛、刺痛、胀痛;可伴牵涉痛n肝肿大肝肿大:中、晚期肝癌常见n消化道症状:消化道症状:腹胀、食欲减退、恶心呕吐、腹泻、出血n全身症状:全身症状:乏力、消瘦、低热n晚期肝癌症状:晚期肝癌症状:贫血、黄疸、腹水、浮肿、恶液质n癌肿转移部位的相应症状:癌肿转移部位的相应症状:肺、骨、脑n伴癌综合症伴癌综合症:低血糖症、红细胞增多症、女性男性化 70临床表现临床表现 –实验室检查实验室检查nSerum bilirubin: nonspecificnAlkaline phosphatase: nonspecificnHBsAg, HCV-Ab: nonspecificnAFP (甲胎蛋白): 1.60~70% HCCs升高; 2.假阳性 见于慢活肝、急性肝炎、生殖腺肿瘤、妊娠. 3.术后复发监测(半衰期约6~7天). 4.正常上限 20ng/ml; >200ng/ml 拟诊 HCC. 71临床表现临床表现 –影像学影像学要点:要点:大小、数量、位置、毗邻、门静脉癌栓、肝硬化、门静脉高压nX线:肝影增大、膈肌升高、胃横结肠受压n超声:适于筛查;分辨率~2cmnCT (平扫+增强) :分辨率 1~2cm;有助于鉴别血管瘤nMRI:分辨率 1~2cm;有助于鉴别血管瘤.n选择性腹腔动脉或肝动脉造影:分辨率 1~2cm1.HCC较相邻肝实质血管丰富2.胆管细胞癌相对乏血供3.血管瘤有特征性的血管池动态影像4.静脉期可显示门静脉占位5.CT碘油造影可显示微小HCC. 72HCC-Imaging findings(DSA)73HCC-Imaging findingsn介入前n介入后74HCC-Imaging findingsCT scan•Arterial phase•Portal vein phase75肝癌MRI表现76活检 & 筛查n肝肝活活检检:经皮细细针针肝肝穿穿刺刺活活检检 (出血?针道种植?)n筛筛查查: US+AFP 高危人群筛查可发现早期 HCC,提高治疗效果 77HCC is amenable to biopsy by percutaneous needle biopsynThe architectural distortion due to cirrhosis is evident; at one end the tissue appears quite fragmented (X8). •The presence of macrotrabecular architecture in this fragmented area allowed for establishing the diagnosis of HCC (X40). 78原发性肝癌的诊断原发性肝癌的诊断-教科书教科书1.高危人群: 男性, >40yrs, HBV/HCV(+), 酗酒, 肝硬化, 家族史2.症状 & 体征:3.甲胎蛋白: RI-AFP≥400ng/ml, >8weeks, exclusion of pregnancy, active hepatitis, embryonic tumors4.影像学: B-US, CT, MRI, DSA5.活检:Diag. Criteria from different societies are fundamentally identical79原发性肝癌的诊断原发性肝癌的诊断-病理学诊断标准n肝脏占位病灶或者肝外转移灶活检或手术切除组织标本,经病理组织学和/或细胞学检查诊断为HCC,此为金标准。
80--- 中国中国《《原发性肝癌诊疗规范(原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2011年版)年版)》》原发性肝癌的诊断原发性肝癌的诊断-临床诊断标准n在所有的实体瘤中,唯有HCC可采用临床诊断标准,一般认为主要取决于三大因素,即慢性肝病背景慢性肝病背景,影像学影像学检查结果以及血清AFP水平81--- 中国中国《《原发性肝癌诊疗规范(原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2011年版)年版)》》原发性肝癌的诊断原发性肝癌的诊断-临床诊断标准要求在同时满足以下条件中的要求在同时满足以下条件中的((1))+((2))a两项或者两项或者((1))+((2))b+((3))三项时,可以确立三项时,可以确立HCC的临床诊断:的临床诊断:((1))具有肝硬化以及HBV和/或HCV感染(HBV和/或HCV抗原阳性)的证据;((2))典型的HCC影像学特征:同期多排CT扫描和/或动态对比增强MRI检查显示肝脏占位在动脉期快速不均质血管强化(Arterial hypervascularity),而静脉期或延迟期快速洗脱(Venous or delayed phase washout )a. 如果肝脏占位直径≥2cm,CT和MRI两项影像学检查中有一项显示肝脏占位具有上述肝癌的特征,即可诊断HCC;b. 如果肝脏占位直径为1-2cm,则需要CT和MRI两项影像学检查都显示肝脏占位具有上述肝癌的特征,方可诊断HCC,以加强诊断的特异性((3))血清AFP≥400μg/L持续1个月或≥200μg/L持续2个月,并能排除其他原因引起的AFP升高,包括妊娠、生殖系胚胎源性肿瘤、活动性肝病及继发性肝癌等82--- 中国中国《《原发性肝癌诊疗规范(原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2011年版)年版)》》83原发性肝癌的鉴别诊断原发性肝癌的鉴别诊断n继发性肝癌继发性肝癌:寻找原发灶;:寻找原发灶;n肝硬化肝硬化:肝局限性增生结节;:肝局限性增生结节;n肝的良性肿瘤肝的良性肿瘤:最常见的是肝海绵状血管瘤;:最常见的是肝海绵状血管瘤;n肝非肿瘤性良性占位肝非肿瘤性良性占位:肝脓肿、肝囊肿:肝脓肿、肝囊肿n肝毗邻器官肿瘤肝毗邻器官肿瘤:胃癌、结肠癌、肾癌、胰腺癌。
胃癌、结肠癌、肾癌、胰腺癌 lHCC的早期诊断率低,确诊时多已至中晚期1lHCC通常病程短、进展快lHCC的自然病程(未治疗者、历史数据):HCCHCC的自然病程及预后的自然病程及预后1. Bruix J and Sherman M, Hepatology 2005;42:1208-362. Villa E et al. Hepatology 2000;32:2333. Llovet JM and Bruix J. J Hepatol 2008;48:S20-S374. Llovet JM et al, Lancet 2003;362:1907HCC HCC HCC HCC 分期分期分期分期早期早期早期早期2 2 2 2BCLC ABCLC ABCLC ABCLC A中期中期中期中期3 3 3 3BCLC BBCLC BBCLC BBCLC B晚期晚期晚期晚期3 3 3 3BCLC CBCLC CBCLC CBCLC C终末期终末期终末期终末期3 3 3 3 BCLC D BCLC D BCLC D BCLC D自然病程自然病程自然病程自然病程5 5 5 5年生存率年生存率年生存率年生存率20%*20%*20%*20%*16161616月月月月6 6 6 6月月月月3-43-43-43-4月月月月*历史最好报道HCC治疗的发展史治疗的发展史—患者的血泪史、医师的奋斗史患者的血泪史、医师的奋斗史19世纪末世纪末1950s1960s肝切除术肝叶切除肝移植1970~80s介入治疗术后辅助化疗2000s分子靶向治疗•SHARP•Oriental•1994年首项术后TACE RCT 发表•Br J Surg 1995; 82: 1221990s•2001发表首项术后化疗Meta分析•Cancer. 2001,91(12):2378免疫治疗•90年代初兴起IFN等治疗病毒肝炎性HCC•1888年,Langenbuch有目的地成功施行了第一例肝切除术•1954 年,Couinaud提出较为完备的肝脏八段法功能解剖•1963年Thomas Starzl等人完成了首例人肝移植放疗•1965年,Ingold等首次报道了40例肝癌患者的放疗效果小肝癌切除化疗•多项化疗RCT未显示生存获益原发性肝癌的原发性肝癌的治疗治疗——现有手段现有手段n治疗方法治疗方法的的决定因素决定因素n肿瘤情况:大小、范围、肿瘤情况:大小、范围、n肝脏背景:肝硬化程度、肝储备功能、肝炎肝脏背景:肝硬化程度、肝储备功能、肝炎n全身状况全身状况n早期肝癌早期肝癌的的根治性治疗根治性治疗n肝切除肝切除n肝移植肝移植n局部消融治疗局部消融治疗n中晚期肝癌中晚期肝癌的的综合治疗综合治疗n区域性治疗:区域性治疗:TAETAE、、TACTAC、、TACETACE、、TARETARE 局部消融:局部消融:RFRF、、PEIPEI、、MCTMCT;放疗;;放疗;HIFUHIFUn全身系统治疗:化疗、生物免疫治疗、分子靶向治疗全身系统治疗:化疗、生物免疫治疗、分子靶向治疗Algorithm of decision makingnSlightly difference among different guidelines (societies)8788极早期极早期 (0)PS 0, CPA早期早期(A)PS 0, CPA-B中期中期(B)PS 0, CPA-B晚期晚期(C)PS 1-2, CPA-B终末期终末期(D)PS >2, CPCHCC随机对照试验(随机对照试验(50%))中位生存时间中位生存时间11-20月月 对症对症(20%)生存期生存期<3月月HCCHCC BCLC staging and treatmentBCLC staging and treatmentSem Liv Dis 1999 to J Hepatol 2008;48:S20-S37治愈性治疗(治愈性治疗(3030%)%)5 5年生存率年生存率40%-70%40%-70%LTRF/PEIresection伴随疾病伴随疾病有有无无≤3 个个结节, ≤3cm上升上升正常正常单发结节,<2cm门脉脉压力力/胆胆红素素单发结节多多结节, ≤3cmTACE多个多个肿瘤瘤门脉脉转移移,N1,M1PS: performance status,,ECOG体能状态评分体能状态评分 CP: Child-Pugh 评级评级新药治疗新药治疗SorafenibSorafenibJapanese algorithmHong Kong algorithmItalian algorithm中国决策树中国决策树-卫生部肝细胞癌诊疗规范(卫生部肝细胞癌诊疗规范(2011版)版)根治手术姑息手术 无法手术中国肝癌诊疗HCCPS 0~2PS 3~4血管侵犯Child-Pugh C无有全身状况肝功能肝外转移Child-Pugh A/B无有肿瘤数目·TACE·手术切除·放疗·分子靶向治疗·系统化疗1个2~3个≥4个肿瘤大小≤3cm>3cm治疗选择·TACE·手术切除·+局部消融•肝移植·手术切除·局部消融≤3cm·肝移植·手术切除·TACE+消融·肝移植< 5cm≥5m· 支持治疗· 肝移植 •支持治疗支持治疗•TACE•放疗•分子靶向治疗•系统化疗等93原发性肝癌的综合治疗原则原发性肝癌的综合治疗原则n早早期诊断,期诊断,早早期治疗;期治疗;n早期病人早期病人手术切除手术切除是治疗的最有效方法。
是治疗的最有效方法n根据不同病情进行根据不同病情进行综合治疗综合治疗,是提高疗,是提高疗效的关键;效的关键;n肝癌肝癌术后复后复发的的积极再治极再治疗可可进一步提一步提高肝癌高肝癌术后的生存率后的生存率94治疗治疗 –部分肝切除部分肝切除 n根治性部分肝切除提供了几乎唯一的治愈机会 n根治性切除的标准: 1.无远处转移或肝静脉/门静脉侵犯; 2.肿瘤限于所切除的肝段或肝叶. 95治疗治疗 –部分肝切除部分肝切除 术后预后不良的指证:1.>50yrs2.并存肝硬化3.血管侵犯4.门静脉癌栓5.位置深在6.包膜侵犯7.跨肝叶播散 8.多结节 96治疗治疗 –部分肝切除部分肝切除 预后预后: 1.5yrs 复发率>70%, 单中心或多中心起源. 2.US+AFP 随访可早期发现复发灶,再次手术可使部分病人获益. 3.中国:总体5年生存率~30%; 早期HCC 5年生存率~60% *4.许多病人死于肝硬化而非肿瘤复发(肝功能衰竭、出血). * 中华医学杂志中华医学杂志, 2003 , 83 (12):1053-7.肝癌常伴发慢性肝脏疾病肝癌常伴发慢性肝脏疾病----必须面对的现实必须面对的现实肝癌肝炎肝硬化Med Clin N Am 89 (2005) 371–389N Engl J Med. 1997 Dec 11;337(24):1733-45肝癌肝炎肝硬化15~20%在5年内发展至肝硬化肝硬化患者的HCC年发病率约为3-6%90%的肝癌患者伴发肝炎、肝硬化预后这意味着随访100例肝炎患者5年,有可能发现1例肝癌8/19/202498Survival over 14yrsSurvival over 25yrsLong-time Survivors’ gatheringLong-time Survivors’ gathering广西医科大学第一附属医院治疗后广西医科大学第一附属医院治疗后长期生存的长期生存的HCC患者患者Guangxi is an epidemic area for Hapetocellular carcinoma (HCC). Overall 5-yrs-survival post-resection is about 30%.可以看到的未来:机器人可以看到的未来:机器人HCC切除切除(image guided surgery)港东医院(PYNEH)100治疗治疗 –肝脏移植肝脏移植n优点优点:1.适用于巨大或多结节肝癌2.适用于肝硬化病人3.适用于肝炎病毒感染者4.可保证肝硬化患者的术后生活质量n对早期HCCs, 肝移植与肝切除生存率相仿 8/19/2024101Post-transplantation肝癌行肝移植术后肝癌行肝移植术后10年喜得贵子年喜得贵子103治疗治疗 –辅助治疗辅助治疗n经皮消融治疗:Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA): 物理或化学方法造成HCC坏死。
适用于周边<3cm病灶,可能获得相当于外科切除的效果 n经动脉化疗栓塞(Arterial chemoembolization): 1.理论依据: HCC主要是肝动脉供血,栓塞剂造成肿瘤缺血及延缓化疗药清除 2.理论缺陷: 周边肿瘤细胞肝动脉/门静脉双重血供 3.实际效果:对选择性的病例可造成肿瘤坏死、延长生存. Treatment -Palliative therapy 2. YM Jiang. J Shandong Med Univ 2000;3:20-3.105口服药物:最新研究结果在重要医学杂志先后发表口服药物:最新研究结果在重要医学杂志先后发表SHARP研究--研究--New England Journal Medicine Llovet JM et al,,2008;359:378-90.Oriental研究--研究--Lancet Oncology Cheng AL et al,,2008年年12月发表月发表Llovet JM et al. N Engl J Med 2008;359:378-90.Cheng AL et al. Lacnet Oncoligy 2008 Dec 17 online publish .课外阅读参考文献:课外阅读参考文献:卫生部卫生部《《原发性肝癌诊疗规范原发性肝癌诊疗规范2011年版年版》》转移性肝癌转移性肝癌108转移性肝癌转移性肝癌-背景背景 n发生率较HCC高20倍n约50%来自消化系统 n分型:同时性转移,异时性转移n常见原发灶: 乳腺、肺、胰腺、胃、大肠、肾、卵巢、子宫… n途径: 体循环、门静脉、淋巴、邻近肿瘤侵犯109Metastatic neoplasms of the livernThe numerous mass lesions that are of variable size. Some of the larger ones demonstrate central necrosis. The masses are metastases to the liver.•This large solitary metastatic nodule was from a colon primary; the glairy cut surface represents a high mucin content. 110Metastatic neoplasms of the livernHere are liver metastases from an adenocarcinoma primary in the colon, one of the most common primary sites for metastatic adenocarcinoma to the liver•Multiple confluent nodules with central umbilication and peripheral hyperemia are classic for metastasis to liver; the primary here was a breast carcinoma. 111转移性肝癌转移性肝癌-临床表现临床表现症状症状 & 体征体征: 1.乏力、消瘦、厌食 2.上腹疼痛、腹水、黄疸、发热、白细胞升高… 3.PE: 肝脏肿大、肿块、触痛、脾大、腹壁静脉曲张 112转移性肝癌转移性肝癌-临床表现临床表现实验室检查:实验室检查: 1.Hematocrit 30~36%↓2.bilirubin, ALP3.肿瘤标志物:CEA,CA125,19-94.活检 113转移性肝癌转移性肝癌-临床表现临床表现影像学:影像学: 1.超声: 初筛2.CE-CT:3.MRI: 114nThis computed tomographic (CT) scan without contrast of the abdomen in transverse view demonstrates multiple mass lesions resulting in a markedly enlarged liver extending from right to nearly the left side of the upper abdomen. These are metastases from a colonic adenocarcinoma. A normal sized spleen is seen at the lower left 115nThis computed tomographic (CT) scan with contrast of the abdomen in transverse view demonstrates multiple mass lesions representing metastases from a colonic adenocarcinoma. A normal spleen appears at the lower right in the image (on the patient's left). 116转移性肝癌转移性肝癌-治疗治疗n手术切除的指证1.无肝外转移 2.技术可行 n对以下疾病可能达到根治性切除的效果: 结肠、胰岛细胞癌、类癌、邻近肿瘤侵犯. n对以下疾病可能效果有限: 乳腺、胰腺、胃、女性盆腔脏器、肺. PancreaticoduodenectomyCase: Jobs119转移性肝癌转移性肝癌-化疗化疗n经肝动脉插管化疗:优于全身化疗n肝动脉结扎或栓塞课外阅读参考文献:课外阅读参考文献:2010年 《结直肠癌肝转移诊断和综合治疗指南》--中华胃肠外科杂志2010,Vol 13(6):457不抛弃!不放弃!不抛弃!不放弃!肝血管瘤肝血管瘤 122肝血管瘤肝血管瘤 1.最常见的肝脏良性肿瘤 2.女性>男性(6:1). (雌激素) 3.绝大多数无症状,偶然发现 4.(>4cm) 可能出现腹痛或包块;自发性出血罕见 5.核素显像, CE-CT, MRI, 血管造影有典型的影像学特点:“早出晚归” 6.疑诊血管瘤禁忌穿刺活检 7.有症状、>5cm、婴幼儿病例可以考虑结扎、肝叶切除、栓塞、放疗等措施 8.避免服用口服避孕药123HemangiomasnMultiple cavernous hemangiomas in a young woman with episodic abdominal pain; white tissue in the largest lesion represents fibrosis indicating some degree of involution. •The honeycomb appearance and vascular nature of this giant cavernous hemangioma are readily apparent from the capsular surface. 124HemangiomasSequential changes during angiograpgy: a vascular lesion with delayed clearing of the contrast medium. 125HemangiomasnHemangioma showing characteristic sharp demarcation from the surrounding liver and "spongy" texture. •The cut surface of this hemangioma varies from honeycomb to spongy to fibrotic (photograph courtesy of S. Goetz, M.D.). 肝囊肿肝囊肿 127肝囊肿肝囊肿1.通常单发、无症状2.牧区旅居史者需与肝包虫病鉴别3.多囊肝病常合并多囊肾病(常染色体显性遗传病)4.临床表现: 上腹不适、包块、梗阻性黄疸5.有症状者:开腹或腔镜下囊壁切除或去顶减压 128Hepatic cystsnMultiple cysts are visible on cut surface of liver; the cyst walls are thin, translucent, and grey. This is from a case with polycystic disease; note the small green bile duct hamartomas in the surrounding liver.•Polycystic liver and kidney disease at autopsy; the liver was completely normal functionally (photograph courtesy of Chris Reuter, M.D.). 129Hepatic cysts-imaging findingsHepatic cysts with intra-abdominal hydrops130nThe wall of this simple cyst is composed of a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue; the surrounding liver is unremarkable (X10). Hepatic cysts肝脏腺瘤肝脏腺瘤 132肝脏腺瘤肝脏腺瘤1.口服避孕药是危险因素2.绝大多数是女性;半数无症状3.症状 & 体征: 右上腹痛、自发性瘤内出血(伴随月经)、包块4.实验室: 肝功能、AFP 正常5.影像学: US, CT-局部占位; angiography-乏血供~富血供; biopsy 有助于诊断但有风险6.治疗: 难以绝对除外恶性,切除几乎是唯一选择. 7.避免服用口服避孕药. 133Liver adenoma134Hepatic adenomanAt the upper right is a well-circumscribed neoplasm that is arising in liver. This is an hepatic adenoma.•The cut surface of the liver reveals the hepatic adenoma. Note how well circumscribed it is. The remaining liver is a pale yellow brown because of fatty change from chronic alcoholism.135nSharply demarcated hepatic adenoma, which is somewhat paler than the surrounding liver; there is an area of fresh hemorrhage, as well as some fibrosis from earlier episode of hemorrhage. Hepatic adenoma•Hepatic adenomas can become so large as to be life-threatening. This estrogen related adenoma, benign histologically, replaced much of the liver, leading to the patient's demise. 136Hepatic adenoma•Normal liver tissue with a portal tract is seen on the left. The hepatic adenoma is on the right and is composed of cells that closely resemble normal hepatocytes, but the neoplastic liver tissue is disorganized hepatocyte cords and does not contain a normal lobular architecture. •The hemorrhagic area represents the peliosis like change commonly seen in estrogen related adenomas (X3.3). 137Hepatic adenoma--17yrs female, HBsAg(-), AFP(-)局灶性结节性增生局灶性结节性增生Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) 139局灶性结节性增生局灶性结节性增生1.良性病变;女性多于男性2.口服避孕药是危险因素.3.大多数病人无症状:右上腹包块或不适;生长缓慢,出血罕见.4.肝功能、AFP 正常.5.CT:星芒状的斑痕;动脉相富血供.6.治疗: 难以绝对除外恶性,切除几乎是唯一选择7.避免服用口服避孕药.140Focal nodular hyperplasia•A classic focal nodular hyperplasia, paler than the surrounding liver, and with a distinct central stellate scar. •The bands of fibrosis impart an appearance mimicking that of macronodular cirrhosis (Klatskin, X5). 肝脓肿肝脓肿Hepatic Abscess 142肝脓肿肝脓肿n病原菌:细菌、寄生虫、真菌n原发灶:腹腔内或隐匿性感染灶n胆道n门静脉n肝动脉n淋巴引流143肝脓肿肝脓肿 - 症状症状 & 体征体征 n一般情况差(不适、疲乏)、寒战、弛张热、黄疸 n右上腹痛、右肩牵涉痛、肝肿大、触痛、胸膜渗出144肝脓肿肝脓肿 - 实验室检查实验室检查1.白细胞升高见于绝大多数病例2.贫血、Hematocrit↓3.Bilirubin, ALP ↑ 145肝脓肿肝脓肿 - 影像学影像学1.平片 (右胸): 基底段不张、胸膜渗出、右膈上抬、运动度↓2.平片 (腹): 肝肿大、气液平面、胃形态改变3.US, CT scans: 提供病灶位置、大小、数目的准确信息146A case Hepatic Abscess from Streptococcis Milleri A 58-year-old male complained about rash over the legs and lower back, arthralgias and soaking night sweats which had started about one week before his clinic visit. An ultrasound examination demonstrated multiple hypoechoic lesions in the liver measuring up to 4.3x3.3 cm with increased blood flow to the periphery. On contrast-enhanced CT scan, these lesions appeared hypodense. (Klaus Bielefeldt, et al.)147肝脓肿肝脓肿 –鉴别诊断鉴别诊断 n其他引起不适、消瘦、贫血、发热的疾病 n阿米巴肝脓肿(Amebic abscess): 1.流行区旅居史A history to endemic area 2.单发Solitary abscess 3.疼痛、触痛、腹泻、肝肿大、血清学 amebiasis (+). n细菌性肝脓肿 (Pyogenic abscess): 1.常见于老年患者 2.黄疸、搔痒 、脓毒血症、包块、bilirubin, ALP Hepatic abscess -Differential diagnosis 148陈孝平主编,外科学,第二版陈孝平主编,外科学,第二版149肝脓肿肝脓肿 –并发症并发症 1.肝内播散(多发脓肿)2.破裂(胸腔、腹腔)3.败血症, 感染中毒性休克4.肝功能衰竭5.胆道出血 150肝脓肿肝脓肿 –治疗治疗 1.抗生素:usually aminoglycoside, clindamycin or metronidazole and ampicilin, 应覆盖E Coli, K pneumoniae, Bacteroides, enterococcus, and anaerobic streptococci, and be modified according to cultures.2.US or CT引导下经皮穿刺置管引流适用于大多数病例3.部分病人需要开腹引流或肝叶切除 Thank YouThank You!!QuestionsQuestions??152欢迎大家报考我及肝胆外科专业的博士和硕士研究生!----“三个不歧视”政策。












