我国古代成文法形成研究.doc

我国古代成文法形成研究中文众所周知，我国的法律传统十分悠久，法律起源于原始社会末期的战争和祭祀，而形成于夏朝我国的法律虽然起源很早，但是，在很长一段时间之内，法律一直处于秘而不宣的状态，即以“隐密法”的形式存在，当时为了达到“刑不可知，则威不可测”的目的，统治者对法律是“议事以制，不为刑辟”[1]直到进入春秋时期，由于宗法制度的崩溃，原来以礼治为主体的习惯法已不可能再完全支撑起社会统治的主梁框架，日趋激烈的社会变革产生了对成文法的需求在这种情形之下，成文法便应运而生了，其标志性事件就是《左传》所记载的，鲁昭公六年郑国执政子产“铸刑书”和鲁昭公二十九年晋国赵鞅、荀寅“铸刑鼎”当然，成文法取代习惯法是一个长期的过程，我国的习惯法时代也并不就此而划上了句号，直到进入战国时期，成文法才取代习惯法，我国法制的历史进入了成文法时代，而习惯法也没有完全淡出，即便是在成文法已经成为主流的现代社会，习惯法仍然有其适用的范围但我们也不能过多的夸大习惯法的作用，对其评价过高简而述之，本论文主要从以下五个部分进行探讨：前言部分，简要叙述选择本题的理由，目前对中国古代法律研究的成果已相当显著，但对中国古代成文法形成时间进行的研究却不多见。

另外法学界涌动着一股思潮，即将中国的成文法形成时间断定得很早，却又拿不出让人信服的证据来说明另一方面，一些学者仍在为习惯法高唱赞歌，认为应该建立起一套判例法制度我认为法学界的这两种看法都有值得商榷的地方，是为本文的写作缘起第二部分，综合归纳前人关于中国法律起源的研究成果得出结论，中国法律起源于原始社会末期的战争和祭祀，即“刑起于兵，法出于礼”并进一步指出，这种早期的法律还不是成文法第三部分，这是本文的核心部分，针对目前法学界比较流行的认为夏《禹刑》、殷《汤刑》、周《九刑》都应该纳入成文法的范畴，故在西周之前中国就存在着成文法的说法，进行逐条逐层次的分析：第一、结合前人研究成果，分析指出《禹刑》、《汤刑》、《九刑》的本身尚存在疑问，我们当然不能通过它们来证明夏、商、西周已经进入成文法时代第二、法学界学者以《吕刑》为依据，认为周朝已经有了成文法，《吕刑》就是西周的成文法典但我认为，《吕刑》不是以条文形式表现，以规范为特征的法典，因而不能以其为根据来说明西周已经有了成文法第三、指出战国前法的形式有十种之多，其产生的途径有三种，从而得出自己的结论，即“战国前法的多样性使创制成文法显得没有必要”。

第四、指出夏商西周确有已经以条文形式来表现的行为规范的存在，但是这种条文形式表现出来的规范本身并不直接具有法律效力，因而它们还不是“成文法”，我们可以称之为“成文法律”，虽然它们只是一字之差，但两者之间却存在实质上的区别第四部分，通过分析春秋晚期的社会形势，指出在春秋晚期，当时在政治、经济还有社会结构上都发生了重大的变革，典范政治衰落，礼治的功能弱化正是由于这些变革，才引发了法律制度上的重大变革，即法的隐秘状态被打破，成文法这种新的法制形式出现第五部分，本部分从两个方面进行论述，指出春秋时期成文法还没有能够完全占据法制史的舞台，直到进入战国时代，我国法制的历史才进入成文法时代首先通过分析指出，发生于鲁昭公六年郑国子产“铸刑书”和鲁昭公二十九年晋国赵鞅、荀寅“铸刑鼎”这两个事件虽然开创了历史上公布成文法的先河，但中国法制史并没有就此进入成文法时代一直到春秋之末，礼的地位、诗书的地位仍远在刑书之上，作为行为规范的成文法的权威仍没有受到普遍的尊重其次通过分析战国时期各国成文法的创建活动及这一时期法律的特点，指出战国时期才是我国古代成文法的形成和成熟时期译文It is well known, our country's legal tradition is extremely glorious, the law origins from the primitive society last stage war and the sacrificial offering, but forms in Xia Dynasty. But, within very long period of time, the law continuously is at the condition which keeps secret. Until enters the Spring and Autumn Period time, as a result of the patriarchal system collapse, take rules by ritual originally as the main body common law has been impossible completely to support the king post frame again which the society rules, the intense society transformed day by day has produced to the written law demand. Under this situation, the written law has then arisen at the historic moment, its symbolic event is Lu Zhaogong six year Zheng country is in power produces “casts the punishment book” and Lu Zhaogong 29 year Jin country Zhao Yang, xun the third branch “casts the punishment tripod with two handles”. Certainly, the written law substitution common law was a long-term process, our country's common law time also not in light of this delimits the period, until entered the Warring States time, the written law only then substituted for the common law, our country legal system history entered the written law time, but the common law also did not have to fade out completely the history, even if was already becomes the mainstream in the written law the modern society, the common law still has its suitable scope. Even if but so, we cannot the excessively many exaggerating common law function, appraise to it excessively high. Simplify, this article mainly carries on the discussion from following five parts:The foreword part, briefly narrates the origin which this article selects a topic, at present to Chinese law research achievement already quite remarkable, but conducts the research to the written law formation time not to see actually. Moreover the law educational world is surging an ideological trend, soon China's written law forms the time to conclude very early, takes actually does not sell the evidence which the human believes to explain. On the other hand, some scholars still in loudly sang the song of praise for the common law, thought should establish a set of case-law system. I thought the law educational world these two views all have the place which is worth discussing, is for this article writing origin.The second part, the synthesis induces the predecessor the research results which origins about the Chinese law to draw the conclusion, the Chinese law origins from the war and the sacrificial offering, namely “the punishment results from the soldier, the law stemming from the ritual”. And further pointed out, although China's law origins very early, but this kind of early law is not a written law.The third part, this is this article core part, in view of present law educational world quite popular considering “the summer "Yu Punishment", the Yin "Soup Punishment", the week "Nine punishments" all should integrate the written law the category, therefore before Western Zhou Dynasty China has the written law” the view, carries on one by one the level analysis: First, unifies the predecessor research results, the analysis pointed out "Yu Punishment", "Soup Punishment", "Nine punishments" itself still had the anxiety, we could not certainly through them prove the summer, business, the Western Zhou Dynasty already entered the written law time. Second, the law educat。