心理学导论03.pdf

心理学导论Introduction to Psychology 03 Foundations, Part I: Freud 弗洛伊德Many of the core ideas have been rejected But many remain 相当多嘅核心理论遭到驳斥但更多得以保留Some interesting and influential ideas 一啲有趣且有影响力嘅概念?Unconscious reasons for feelings and actions 无意识是某些感受与行为嘅原因?Unconscious dynamics (conflict) -- leading to dreams, speech errors, jokes, madness 无意识动力（冲突）－－引起梦境、口误、玩笑、发颠（之类嘅心理过程、行为）Psychoanalytic 心理分析Divisions of the Mind 心理（结构）分解?Id - instinctual drives present at birth 本我 － 自出生就存在的本能驱使– does not distinguish between reality and fantasy 真实与幻想冇乜区别– operates according to the pleasure principle 行为遵从快乐原则?Ego - develops out of the id in infancy 自我 － 从幼年的本我中发展出嚟– understands reality and logic 明白真实与逻辑– mediator between id and superego 介乎于本我与超我之间嘅过渡?Superego 超我– internalization of society’ s moral standards 内化嘅社会道德标准– responsible for guilt 为罪行负责Psychosexual Stages 性心理发展? Freud’ s five stages of personality development, each associated with a particular erogenous zone 弗洛伊德嘅五个人格发展阶段，每个阶段都与特定的动欲区有关? Fixation - an attempt to achieve pleasure as an adult in ways that are equivalent to how it way achieved in these stages 停滞人格－ 尝试通过使之成熟的必经之路的愿望，等同于如何经历这些阶段Oral Stage (birth - 1 year) 口腔期 （出生到一岁）? Mouth is associated with sexual pleasure 快乐源于口腔动作（应该冇sexual ）? Weaning a child can lead to fixation if not handled correctly 不合理掌握断奶时期会导致停滞人格? Fixation can lead to oral activities in adulthood 停滞人格会导致成人期口腔活动（异常） PS：如暴饮暴食、抽烟等Anal Stage (1 - 3 years) 肛门期（ 1－3 岁）? Anus is associated with pleasure 快乐源于肛门? Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly 不合理掌握如厕训练会导致固着? Fixation can lead to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood 停滞人格会导致成人期形成不愿意排便或过份排便的习惯PS：肛门期主要训练幼儿自控能力，此时期发生冲突会导致强迫型人格障碍产生，如洁癖、守财奴等Phallic Stage (3 - 5 years) 性蕾期（ 3－5 岁）? Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals 快乐的注意力转移到性器官上? Oedipus or Electra complex can occur 俄狄浦斯情结（恋母）与恋父情结可能出现? Fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and the need for attention or domination in females 停滞人格会导致男性过份男性化，女性产生对于关注或控制的欲求PS：如同性恋、异装癖、后宫控、女王控之类Oedipus Complex ?Mom is nice ?I love Mom ?But Dad is in the way ?Kill Dad! ?Uh oh. Dad is mad ?What is the worse that Dad can do? ? Castration! ?I give up. Dad wins. ?Let ’ s not think about sex for a while 恋母情结： 妈妈很漂亮－我爱妈妈－爸爸妨碍我－杀爸爸－噢，爸爸发怒鸟－爸爸对我施加的最坏的惩罚会是什么－剪鸡鸡－我放弃，爸爸取胜－暂时不要去想性鸟PS：随后几年不再对性感兴趣Latency Stage (5 - puberty) 潜伏期（ 5 岁－青春期）? Sexuality is repressed 性欲被压抑? Children participate in hobbies, school and same-sex friendships 小孩分享爱好、学业和同性朋友Genital Stage (puberty on) 生殖期（青春期之后）? Sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others 性欲重新出现并指向其他人（指父母亲以外的人）? Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work, fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages 健康的成年人以爱与工作为乐，停滞人格的成人将他们的经历绑定在之前的阶段Defense Mechanisms 防御机制? Unconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety 自我使用无意识精神处理以减轻焦虑? Sublimation - displacement to activities that are valued by society 升华－－将行为转移到有价值的社会活动中? Displacement - re-direction of shameful thoughts to more appropriate targets 移置－－将不体面的想法转移投放到更合适的目标上（一般这个目标是他人）?Projection - reducing anxiety by attributing unacceptable impulses to someone else 投射－－通过将自己不接受的事物强加于他人以减轻欲望（投射是指个体否认自己的欲望并认为他人拥有此欲望）?Rationalization - reasoning away anxiety-producing thoughts 合理化－－为欲望寻求解释－－产生想法 （指当你做坏事或有不良想法时，将行为合理化并为行为寻找一个更为社会接受的解释）?Regression - retreating to a mode of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development 退行－－行为特征回归到发展的某个早期阶段Hysteria and its treatment 歇斯底里极其治疗?Blindness and deafness, paralysis, trembling, panic attacks, gaps of memory, etc. 癔症性失明、失聪、瘫痪、震颤、恐慌症等等?These symptoms are a way of keeping emotionally charged memories under lock and key 这些征兆是一种抑制情绪波动的行为，以掌控记忆的妥善管理（锁定与打开）? When memories are recovered, there is catharsis -- an explosive release 当记忆恢复，发泄是一种爆炸性的释放?Freud originally tried to get at these memories through hypnosis, but later moved to free association 弗洛伊德最初试图通过催眠唤起这些（遗忘的）记忆，但随后改用了自由联想机制?Patients offer resistance 克服病人的抗拒?Freud used the methods of psychoanalysis to explore these conflicts 弗洛伊德使用心理分析方法去探寻此类抵触More Freud 弗洛伊德其他理论?Dreams 梦境? Myth & Literature 神话与文献?Religion 宗教信仰Freud: Scientific assessment 科学评估Falsifiability (Karl Popper) 可证伪性（卡尔波普尔）Scientific predictions need to make strong claims about the world, and run the risk of being proven false 科学能够做出关于世界的有力预测，而这些预测是可以被证伪的Freud: You hate your mother Patient: Wow. That makes sense Freud: Yes, I am right! F：你恨你的妈妈P：哇哦，有道理F：我是对的Freud: You hate your mother Patient: No, I don’ t! What a terrible idea! Freud: Your anger shows that this idea is painful to you. You have repressed it from consciousness. I am right! F：你恨你的妈妈P：我才没有，多糟糕的想法F：你的愤怒表明了我刚才的话正中要害，你将这种想法压抑了下来，我是对的Freud: Adult personality traits are shaped by the course of psychosexual development. All dreams are disguised wish-fulfillment. 成年人的人格特质是在性心理的发展过程中形成的，所有的梦境都是愿望满足的伪装Psychoanalysis is the best treatment for mental disorders. 精神分析是治疗心理障碍的最佳手段Scientist: I disagree. There is little or no evidence that supports any of those claims. 科学家：我反对，没有任何证据能够支持这些观点Freud: Yo。