基于matlab的无线传感器网络 火灾监控仿真软件设计英文文献原文.doc

Development of Fire Detection Systems in the Intelligent BuildingZ. Liu, J. Makar and A. K. KimInstitute for Research in ConstructionNational Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, CanadaIntroduction An intelligent building can be defined as one that combines the best available concepts, designs, materials, systems and technologies to provide a responsive, effective and supportive intelligent environment for achieving the occupants objectives over the full life-span of the building. Compared with traditional buildings, intelligent buildings should be able to reduce energy consumption, reduce maintenance and service operation costs, provide improved security services, improve ease of layout planning and re-planning, and increase the satisfaction of building occupants. Other benefits should include its adaptability to changing uses and technology and its environmental performance in providing safer, healthier and more comfortable working conditions. Intelligent building proponents also believe that these buildings will improve worker productivity through improved work environments. Over the last two decades, the intelligent building concept has become an important consideration in the planning of many new or upgraded office buildings. It has also been further developed to embrace other types of living and working environments such as homes, factories and education facilities. Fire detection and the corresponding safety systems are crucial parts of an intelligent building. Billions of dollars are spent annually to install and maintain fire detection systems in buildings to assure safety from unwanted fires. Intelligent systems developed in the intelligent building offer opportunities to meet this task more effectively, efficiently and economically. New sensors will produce earlier and more reliable fire detection. Wireless systems will eliminate the need for cabling and offer opportunities for fire fighters to work out fire fighting strategies before arrival at the fire scene. Integrated building systems hold the potential for reducing false alarms, speeding building evacuation and assisting in fire fighting. These changes will create new ways to provide fire safety and new markets for fire detection, alarm and fighting systems. As these technologies mature, changes to building practices may also result. This paper reviews the current state of the art for fire detection and alarm systems in intelligent buildings. It identifies new technologies and concepts developed for intelligent buildings that could be used to improve the capability of fire safety systems. The potential effects of integrated building service systems and barriers to the development of fire detection and alarm systems in intelligent buildings are discussed. The paper concludes by examining how these new systems may be combined to provide the next generation of intelligent fire safety systems. Emerging Sensor Technologies New sensor technologies will be key components in the next generation of intelligent buildings. Current intelligent buildings often have embedded processors and dedicated information networks. The new generation is expected to add the capability to learn about the building ís circumstances and its occupants needs and change the behavior of its control systems accordingly. The employment of a large number of sensors within the building will allow it to operate in a responsive manner, rather than using preprogrammed control models as are employed in the first two generations of intelligent building. The information provided by sensors includes changes in both internal and external environments of a building, such as smoke, temperature and humidity, air quality, air movement, and the number of building occupants as well as a host of other properties. The system will use sensors to identify how a particular person tends to react to particular circumstances and to learn different behaviors for different people.The number of sensors required to obtain this type of functionality is quite high, especially since one of the major goals of intelligent buildings is to allow individualized control of an environment. This need will increase the cost of intelligent buildings and make it difficult to manage the resulting large amount of data. Development of cost-effective sensors has consequently been identified as a key need for intelligent buildings. Fortunately, many of the properties that need to be monitored can be used for multiple purposes. Security systems that can track the entry and exit of occupants from an office building can also be used to ensure complete evacuation of a building during a fire or even, in more advanced forms, determine where occupants may be trapped and unable to escape. Similarly, parameters such as temperature and air movement are as relevant to fire detection as the maintenance of the indoor working environment. Dual use sensors and sensor systems that are flexible enough to interpret data from。