7(美)现实主义时期.doc

美）现实主义时期Chapter 2 The Realistic PeriodⅠ.本章学习目的和要求　　通过本章的学习，了解美国19世纪中期现实主义文学产生的历史、文化背景，认识该时期文学创作的基本特征、基本主张，及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响；了解该时期的主要作家的文学创作生涯、人生观及价值观及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力Ⅱ.本章重点和难点　1.美国现实主义文学的特点　2.现实主义与自然主义的异同，这两种倾向在美国19世纪小说中的反映　3.主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色、及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语　　言风格、艺术手法、社会意义等　4.分析选读作品的思想内容及艺术特色、人物刻画Ⅲ.考核知识点和考核要求（一）．现实主义时期概述　　1．识记：美国现实主义文学产生的社会和文化背景　　　　（a）美国南北战争　　　　（b）威廉·迪安·豪威尔斯：美国现实主义的先驱　　　　（c）达尔文主义和法国小说家佐拉的影响　　2．领会：A.美国现实主义文学的特点　　　　　　（a）占主导地位的美国现实主义小说　　　　　　（b）现实主义文学中的地方色彩小说　　　　　　（c）现实主义文学中的自然主义倾向　　　　　　 B.现实主义文学和自然主义倾向之异同　　　　　　C．达尔文主义、法国自然主义作家的主张以及对现实主义时期美国文学的影响　　3．应用：A. 名词解释：现实主义、达尔文主义、自然主义、地方色彩主义　　　　　　 B．现实主义文学和自然主义倾向在美国19世纪小说中的反映（二）．美国现实主义时期的主要作家A．马克·吐温1．一般识记：马克·吐温的生平及创作生涯2．识记：马克·吐温的主要作品《汤姆·索亚历险记》《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国人》3．领会：马克·吐温作品中的地方色彩、幽默及语言特色4．应用：（1）选读《哈克贝里·费恩》第三十一章：主题结构、人物刻画、语言特色（2）哈克的性格分析及其社会意义B．亨利·詹姆斯1．一般识记：詹姆斯的生平和创作生涯2．识记：詹姆斯的早期作品《黛西。

米勒》，〈〈一个美国人〉〉〈〈贵妇人的画像〉〉〈〈欧洲人》中期作品《波士顿人》〈〈螺丝在拧紧〉〉〈〈丛林猛兽》后期作品《专使》〈〈鸽翼〉〉〈〈金碗》文艺理论著作：《小说的艺术》3．领会：（1）詹姆斯的“现实主义”（2）詹姆斯的小说艺术特色：“视角”与心理分析4.应用：（1）选读《黛西·米勒》第一章：主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格（2）《黛西·米勒》的主题和人物分析C．艾米莉·狄金森1．一般识记：狄金森的生平及创作生涯2．识记：狄金森的诗歌（1）狄金森有关“永恒”主题的诗（2）狄金森的爱情诗（3）狄金森的自然诗3．领会：狄金森诗歌的主题结构，创新和艺术特色4．应用：选读狄金森诗歌第441、465．585和712首的结构、主题、语言特色D．西奥多·德莱塞1．一般识记：德莱塞的生平及创作生涯2．识记：德莱塞的主要作品《嘉丽妹妹》《珍妮姑娘》《美国的悲剧》“欲望”三部曲：《金融家》《巨头》《斯多葛》3．领会：德莱塞小说的语言风格4．应用：（1）达尔文主义与德莱塞作品中的自然主义倾向（2）选读《嘉丽妹妹》的最后一章节选：主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格Chapter 2 The Realistic Period一、识记：1．The Age of Realism (How to define the Realistic Period in American literary history?)The period ranging from 1865 to l914 has been referred to as the Age of Realism in the 1iterary history of the United States, which is actually a movement or tendency that dominated the spirit of American literature, especia1ly American fiction, from the 1850s onwards. Realism was a reaction against Romanticism or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating fictions, and it paved the way to Modernism. Instead of thinking about the irrational, the imaginative, realists touched upon social and political realities and pressures in the post-Civil war society. Three dominant figures are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.2.The historical and socio-cultural background of American RealismThe American society after the Civil War provided rich soil for the rise and deve1opment of Realism. This period is characterized with changes, in relation to every aspect of American life, politically, economically, culturally, and religiously. First of all, politically, the Civil War affected both the social and the value system of the country. America had transformed itse1f into an industria1ized and commercialized society. Wilderness gave way to civilization. The burgeoning economy and industry stepped up urbanization. However, economically, the changes were not all for the better. The industrialization and the urbanization were accompanied by the incalculable sufferings of the laboring people. Therefore, polarization of the wellbeing between the poor and the rich started to show up. Thirdly, as far as the ideology was concerned, people became dubious about the human nature and the benevo1ence of God, which the Transcendentalists cared most. What Mark Twain referred to as “ the Gi1ded Age” replaced the frontier and the spirit of the frontiersman, which is the spirit of freedom and human connection. Fourthly, the literary scene after the Civi1 War proved to be quite different a picture. The harsh rea1ities of life as well as the disillusion of heroism resulting from the dark memories of the Civil War had set the nation against the romance. The Americans began to be tired of the sentimental feelings of Romanticism. Thus, started a new period in the American literary writings known as the Age of Realism, characterized by a great interest in the realities of life.3.The Gilded AgeIt refers to the period of gross materialism and blatant political corruption in the U.S. history during the 1870s that gave rise to important novels of social and political criticism. The period takes its name from the earliest of these, The Gilded Age(1873),written by Mark Twain in collaboration with Charles Dudley Warner. The novel gives a vivid and accurate description of Washington D.C., and is peopled with caricatures of many leading figures of the day, including greedy industrialists and corrupt politicians. The political novels of the Gilded Age represent the beginnings of a new strain in the American literature, the novel as a vehicle of social protest, a trend that grew in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the works of the muckrakers and culminated in the proletarian novelists.二．领会1.What is Realism?In art and literature, Realism refers to an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures exactly as they act or appear in life. Realism emerged as a literary movement i。