
Unit 7 19th-Century American Poets.ppt
47页Unit 7 19th-Century American PoetsI. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowII. Edgar Allan PoeIII. Walt Whitman IV. Emily DickinsonI. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow1. Life story 2. Literary works3. Style4. Significance5. Selected Poems by Longfellow1. Life story Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882), was a New England poet. He was born in Portland in Maine on February 27 in 1807. His father was a well-to-do lawyer. After graduating from Bowdoin College in 1826, Longfellow traveled for three years in France, Germany, Italy, and England to learn modern languages. When he returned home, he took up the career as a college professor of foreign languages at Bowdoin and Harvard. He received honorary degrees from the Oxford and Cambridge Universities when he was in Europe from 1868 to 1869. At the same time, Queen Victoria gave him a private audience. His seventy-fifth birthday was celebrated nationally in America. He died in Cambridge, the village outside Boston on March 24, 1882.2. Literary worksVoices of the NightBallads and Other PoemsEvangelineThe Song of Hiawatha — It is the first American epic in blank verse about the American Indians.3. Style1) He wrote about American subjects, but always in European style.2) He had a melancholy vision of life, but his poems have a manly, affirmative note.3) Many critics complain that his writing is too sentimental and romantic.4) The gentleness, sweetness, and purity were the very qualities that made his poetry popular during his lifetime.4. Significance1) He was the first American poet to write narrative poems. And he helped create a national myth in his historical narratives and patriotic poems.2) He was the first American poet to be honored by having his bust placed in the Poets’ Corner of Westminster Abbey. This indicates that his poetry has been highly appreciated in Britain.3) Being a highly learned and cultivated man, he represent Victorian culture in America.4) He was the leading figure of the Boston Brahmin Poets (the patrician, well-educated poets in New England).5) He was one of the classroom poets whose portraits were put up in the classroom to be honored by the students.6) He exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the U.S., and likewise did much to popularize American folk themes abroad.I Shot an Arrow…I shot an arrow into the air,It fell to earth I knew not where;For so swiftly it flew, the sightCould not follow it in its flight.I breathed a song into the air,It fell to earth I knew not where;For who has the sight so keen and strongThat can follow the flight of a song.Long, long afterwards in an oak,I found the arrow still unbroken;And the song, from beginning to end,I found again in the heart of a friend.A Psalm of Life (What the Heart of the Young Man Said to the Psalmist) TELL me not, in mournful numbers, Life is but an empty dream ! — For the soul is dead that slumbers, And things are not what they seem. Life is real ! Life is earnest! And the grave is not its goal ; Dust thou art, to dust returnest, Was not spoken of the soul. Not enjoyment, and not sorrow, Is our destined end or way ; But to act, that each to-morrow Find us farther than to-day. Art is long, and Time is fleeting, And our hearts, though stout and brave, Still, like muffled drums, are beating Funeral marches to the grave. In the world’s broad field of battle, In the bivouac of Life, Be not like dumb, driven cattle ! Be a hero in the strife ! Trust no Future, howe’er pleasant ! Let the dead Past bury its dead ! Act,— act in the living Present ! Heart within, and God o’erhead ! Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us Footprints on the sands of time ; Footprints, that perhaps another, Sailing o’er life’s solemn main, A forlorn and shipwrecked brother, Seeing, shall take heart again. Let us, then, be up and doing, With a heart for any fate ; Still achieving, still pursuing. Learn to labor and to wait.Unit 2 Edgar Allan PoePoems by Poe1. “Sonnet—To Science”2. “To Helen”SONNET- TO SCIENCE Science! true daughter of Old Time thou art! Who alterest all things with thy peering eyes. Why preyest thou thus upon the poet's heart, Vulture, whose wings are dull realities? How should he love thee? or how deem thee wise, Who wouldst not leave him in his wandering To seek for treasure in the jewelled skies, Albeit he soared with an undaunted wing? Hast thou not dragged Diana from her car? And driven the Hamadryad from the wood To seek a shelter in some happier star? Hast thou not torn the Naiad from her flood, The Elfin from the green grass, and from me The summer dream beneath the tamarind tree? Comment: 1) In this poem, Poe followed the rhyme scheme of Shakespearean sonnet, that is, abab cdcd efef gg. 2) The tension between science on the one hand and art and imagination on the other endows the poem with a unique power and significance. The poem is a good indication that Poe was in essence a Renaissance man. He derived in part from Plato the notion that the universe was endowed with myth, and tried to restore it to the primordial unity which the cosmos once possessed.Helen, thy beauty is to me Like those Nicean barks of yoreThat gently, o’er a perfumed sea, The weary, way-worn wanderer bore To his own native shore.On desperate seas long wont to roam, Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,Thy Naiad airs have brought me home To the glory that was Greece,And the grandeur that was Rome.Lo! In yon brilliant window-niche How statue-like I see thee stand, The agate lamp within thy hand!Ah, Psyche, from the regions which Are Holy-Land!commentThis is one of Poe’s earliest poems, first published in 1831. Poe once acknowledged that the poem was inspired by his youthful admiration for Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard, mother of one of his classmates. However, the poem does not seem to depict a real woman but rather an ideal or classic beauty. Poe later identified Mrs. Stanard as “the first purely ideal love of my soul.”III. Walt Whitman1. Life story 2. Literary works3. Theme4. Style5. Significance6. Selected poems by Walt Whitman1. Life story Walt Whitman (1819-1892), was an outstanding American poet in the 19th century. He was born on May 31, 1819 in West Hills farming community on Long Island, New York in a poor family. The family moved to Brooklyn in 1823. He received very little education. After doing odds jobs, he began his literary career. After 1880 he began to gain his recognition as a poet. He was poor all his life and never married. He died at Camden on March 26, 1892.2. Literary worksWhitman devoted himself to complete his only collection of poems:Leaves of GrassThe collection ran nine editions in 1855, 1856, 1860, 1867, 1871,1876, 1881, 1889, 1891-92, containing 12 poems in the first edition and more than 400 poems in the last.Leaves of GrassoIt is significant that the poet entitled his book “Leaves of Grass”. He once said that:n“Where there is earth, where there is water, there is grass.”oGrass, the most common thing with the greatest vitality, is an image of the poet himself, a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of Whitman’s ideals about democracy and freedom.oSome famous poems in the Collection:n“Song of Myself”n“When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d”白居易离离原上草,一岁一枯荣。
野火烧不尽,春风吹又生 —[唐]白居易3. Theme“Whitman was a catalog of American and European thought.” he was influenced by many American and European thoughts: enlightenment, idealism, transcendentalism, evolution ideas, western frontier spirits, Jefferson’s individualism, the Civil War unionism, and orientalism (Chinese and Indian philosophies).1) equality2) Divinity → individualism3) Democracy4) Expansion of America5) Brotherhood and social solidarity6) Pursuit of love and happiness7) Multiplicity of nature→ The themes of Whitman are well revealed in his short poem “One’s Self I Sing”.4. Style1) Free verse: poetry without fixed rhyme or regular rhyme scheme2) Parallelism3) Phonetic recurrence4) The use of a certain pronoun “I”5) Catalogue technique: long list of names6) Powerful, colorful vocabulary and vivid images7) Long sentence 8) Original and revolutionary style5. Significance1) Leaves of Grass, either in content or in form, is an epoch-making work in American literature:→Its democratic content marked the shift from Romanticism to Realism.→Its free-verse form broke from old poetic conventions to open a new way for American poetry.2) Whitman’s writing style has a worldwide influence over modern poetry.郭沫若《晨安》o晨安!常动不息的大海呀!o晨安!明迷恍惚的旭光呀!o晨安!诗一样涌着的白云呀!o晨安!平匀明直的丝雨呀!诗语呀!o晨安!情热一样燃着的海山呀!o晨安!梳人灵魂的晨风呀!o晨风呀!你请把我的声音传到四方去吧!o晨安!我年青的祖国呀!o晨安!我新生的同胞呀!o晨安!我浩荡荡的南方的扬子江呀!o晨安!我冻结着的北方的黄河呀!o黄河呀!我望你胸中的冰块早早融化呀!o晨安!万里长城呀!o啊啊!雪的旷野呀! 啊啊!我所畏敬的俄罗斯呀!o晨安!我所畏敬的Pioneer呀!o晨安!雪的帕米尔呀!o晨安!雪的喜玛拉雅呀!o晨安!Bengal的泰戈尔翁呀!郭沫若《晨安》o晨安!自然学园里的学友们呀!o晨安!恒河呀!恒河里面流泻着的灵光呀!o晨安!印度洋呀!红海呀!苏彝士的运河呀!o晨安!尼罗河畔的金字塔呀!o啊啊!你在一个炸弹上飞行着的D’annunzio呀!o晨安!你坐在Pantheon前面的“沉思者”呀!o晨安!半工半读团的学友们呀!o晨安!比利时呀!比利时的遗民呀!o晨安!爱尔兰呀!爱尔兰的诗人呀! 啊啊!大西洋呀!o晨安!大西洋呀!o晨安!大西洋畔的新大陆呀!o晨安!华盛顿的墓呀!林肯的墓呀!Whitman的墓呀!o啊啊!惠特曼呀!惠特曼呀!o太平洋一样的惠特曼呀! 啊啊!太平洋呀!o晨安!太平洋呀!太平洋上的诸岛呀!o太平洋上的扶桑呀! 扶桑呀!扶桑呀!o还在梦里裹着的扶桑呀!o醒呀!Mesame呀! 快来享受这千载一时的晨光呀!One’s self I sing, a simple separate person,Yet utter the word Democratic, the word En-Masse.Of physiology from top to toe I sing,Not physiognomy alone nor brain alone is worthy for the Muse, I say the Form complete is worthier far,The Female equally with the Male I sing.Of life immense in passion, pulse, and power,Cheerful, for freest action form’d under the laws divine,The Modern Man I sing.One’s Self I SingComment on “One’s Self I Sing”This poem stands at the very beginning of “Inscriptions”, the opening group in Leaves of Grass, and serves as a guide to the chief themes of the volume. After reading this poem, we can get a general idea of the main theme in Whitman’s poems.O Captain! My Captain!O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,The ship has weathered every rack, the prize we sought is won,The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring; But O heart! heart! heart! O the bleeding drops of red, Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;Rise up--for you the flag is flung for you the bugle trills,For you bouquets and ribboned wreaths for you the shores a-crowding,For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning; Here Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head! It is some dream that on the deck, You've fallen cold and dead.My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still;My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will;The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won; Exult O shores, and ring O bells! But I, with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. O Captain! My Captain!Whitman uses a metaphor throughout the poem, comparing the United States to a ship, and Abraham Lincoln to its captain who steered it through the stormy years of the Civil War.IV. Emily Dickinson1. Life Story 2. Literary Works3. Theme4. Style5. Significance6. Selected Poems of Emily Dickinson1. Life Story Emily Dickinson (1830-1886), was an original poet in America. She was born on December 10, 1830 in Amherst, Massachusetts in a well-to-do family. She received education in Amherst Academy and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary. After 1872, she scarcely ever left her own house and yard. She kept in touch with her friends through letters, short poems, and small gifts. She never married, and died in 1886.2. Literary WorksShe wrote altogether 1775 poems, of which only seven appeared in print in her lifetime. Dickinson was “rediscovered” in the twentieth century.Some famous poems by Dickinson:“I Died for Beauty”“My Life Closed Twice before Its Close”“Because I Can’t Stop for Death”“A Narrow Fellow in the Grass”“I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died”3. ThemeThe major themes in Dickinson’s poems are mainly based on her own experiences:1) Religion2) Death and immortality3) Love—sufferings and frustration caused by love4) Nature5) Beauty4. Style1) Poems without titles2) Use of capital letters and dashes3) Plainest words and brevity4) Short poems, mainly two stanzas5) Fresh and strange images6) Bold and unconventional and often startling metaphors5. Significance•1) Dickinson became, with Stephen Crane, the precursor [pri’kə:sə]of the Imagist movement.•2) Dickinson shares the same reputation with Poe and Whitman as America’s most innovative poet.To Make a Prairie…To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee,One clover and a bee, And revery.Revery alone will do,If bees are few. To Make a Prairie…To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee,One clover and a bee, And revery.Revery alone will do,If bees are few. 再别康桥轻轻的我走了,正如我轻轻的来;我轻轻的招手,作别西天的云彩。
—徐志摩《再别康桥》轻轻的我走了,轻轻的正如我来;轻轻的我招手,作别西天的云彩Success Is Counted SweetestSuccess is counted sweetestBy those who ne’er succeed.To comprehend a nectarRequires sorest need.Not one of all the purple hostWho took the flag todayCan tell the definition,So clearly, of victory.As he, defeated, dying,On whose forbidden earThe distant strains of triumphBurst, agonized and clear.I’m NobodyI’m nobody! Who are you?Are you nobody, too?Then there’s a pair of us—don’t tell!They’d banished us, you know!How dreary to be somebody!How public, like a frogTo tell your name the livelong dayTo an admiring bog!Assignment 1. Suggested Reading for Ambitious Students: Longfellow’s The Song of Hiawatha Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass2. Homework: Recite at least one of the poems we learnt today. And collect some stories of Mark Twain and share them next week.。
