英语长难句结构分析(含2019年高考全国13卷试题长难句).doc

英语长难句结构分析（含2019年高考全国1-3卷长难句）英语中句子最基本的句式只有五种，其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式转换而来五种基本句式如下：1 主语＋谓语（不及物动词）2 主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋宾语3 主语＋系动词＋表语4 主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋间接宾语＋直接宾语5 主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋宾语＋宾语补足语此外还有特殊句式如therebe-,强调句，倒装句等但是在真实的语言环境中，句子结构远非这么简单复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂介词短语，还有各种复杂的定语和状语等修饰成分让句子变得异常复杂高考阅读理解、完型填空和语法填空经常出现结构复杂的长难句，影响考生对语篇文段的理解另外，新高考将包括两个写作题：读后续写（概要写作）和应用文写作在评分标准中把“尽力使用较复杂语法结构”视为是否得高分的标准之一因此，学会分析长难句显得格外重要一个句子之所以成为长难句，就是因为句子各部分成分和结构复杂，具体说就是句中出现了复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂修饰语（介词短语、非谓语动词、定语和状语）以及各种从句等下面分类解析：一、复杂主语包括下列情形：含有连词如and,both...and...,either...or...,neither...nor...,notonly...but（also）,aswellas；非谓语动词做主语；主语从句充当主语；同位语结构做主语等。

如：Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are“mostlikelytoengage（从事）indangerousandriskybehavior.”（2019高考全国I卷阅读理解D）（aswellas连接thosewho…与thoseleastliked...做主语）Thegunnersliketodescribewhattheydoascharacter-building,butweknowthattowoundananimalandwatchitgothroughtheagony（痛苦）ofdyingcanmakenobodyhappy.（动词不定式todo结构做主语）Connectingtothecommunity（社区）asyoufreelygiveyourtime,money,skills,orservicesprovidesarealjoy.（2019咼考全国II卷阅读理解B）（-ing形式做主语）Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan'tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn'tevenexistfitweren'tforcasualconversation.（2018全国II卷阅读理解D）（-ing形式做主语）Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes.（2019咼考全国I卷阅读理解B）（主语从句充当主语）Shackleton,aonetimeBritishmerchant-navyofficerwhohadgottowithin100milesoftheSouthPolein1908,startedabusiness...（2016全国甲卷阅读理解D）（同位语结构做主语）二、主谓之间被介词短语、定语从句或非谓语动词分隔Mr.Robbins,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,isleavingLondonforParis.SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius,wholivedfromroughly551to479B.C.,influencedthedevelopmentofchopsticks.（2016全国丙卷语法填空）FrankHurley,aconfidentandgiftedAustralianphotographerwhoknewtheAntarctic,washiredtomaketheimages,mostofwhichhaveneverbeforebeenpublished.（2016全国新课标甲卷阅读理解D）Accordingtothereport'skeyfindings,“theproportion（比例）whosaythey'never'or'hardlyever'readforfunhasgonefrom8percentof13-year-oldsand9percentof17-year-oldsin1984to22percentand27percentrespectivelytoday.”（2018全国卷II阅读C）Thewomansittingatthedesk,seeingmymadness,sympatheticallyjumpedup.（2016全国甲卷完形填空）三、复杂表语包括非谓语动词、表语从句等。

One（reason）wasthatIwasamazedatthefactthatasickpersoncouldfeelmuchbetterafterseeingadoctor.（2019高考全国卷II短文改错）（表语从句中还含有一个同位语从句）Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.（2018全国卷I阅读C）（表语从句中还含有while并列句）四、复杂宾语包括非谓语动词、（并列）宾语从句（介词后和动词后）等Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate--sharing,kindness,openness--carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.（2019全国I卷阅读理解D）（宾语从句中含有定语从句）Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.（2017全国II卷阅读理解D）（宾语从句中含有-ing形式和定语从句）Inordertopasstheclass,amongothercriteria,wehadtowriteapaperon@howweplantoapply@whatwewouldlearninclasstoourfutureprofessionsand‘eventually,toourlives.（2018全国卷II完形填空）（①是介词on所带的宾语从句，②是动词apply所带的宾语从句）Axaniwroteinhispost①thatheisnotlookingforanythinginreturnand②thatthewomanwhousestheextraticketcanchoosetoeithertravelwithhimortaketheticketandtravelonherown.（2017全国III卷完形填空）（wrote带有2个由that引导的宾语从句，第②个宾语从句含有who引导的定语从句）五、复杂定语包括非谓语动词、形容词短语、介词短语、（多个）定语从句等。

It'sanamazingaccomplishmentandonewecannotachievewithoutgeneroussupportfromindividuals,corporations,andothersocialorganizations.（2017全国卷I阅读理解A）（省略了that/which的定语从句）TopeoplewhoareusedtothelimitedchoiceofapplessuchasGoldenDeliciousandRoyalGalainsupermarkets,itcanbequiteaneyeopenertoseetherangeofclassicalapplesstillinexistence,suchasDeciowhichwasgrownbytheRomans.（2016全国新课标丙卷阅读理解C）（who引导定语从句）ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s,whenIwasthefirstWesternTVreporterpermittedtofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.（2016全国新课标乙卷语法填空）（when引导的定语从句中含有-ed形式和-ing形式做定语）ThursdayseesusmaketheshortjourneytoPariswherewewillvisitDisneylandParispark,stayinguntillatetoseetheparadeandthefireworks.（2018全国卷II阅读A）（where引导定语从句）Readersalsotendedtosharearticles①thatwereexcitingorfunny,or②thatinspirednegativefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,butnotarticles③thatleftthemmerelysad.（2016全国新课标丙卷阅读理解D）（含有三个that引导的定语从句）Also,itisnotuncommonanymoretofindcarpenters（木匠）withcollegedegreesandcarpenterswithasolidknowledgeofmathematics,whichwouldenablethemtodealwithmoredifficulthousedesigns.（含有两个with介词短语做定语和which引导的定语从句）Now,usingteethandbonepiecestakenfromthebaby'sgrave,scientistshavecomparedtheDNAfromtheUnknownChildwiththosecollectedfrommembersoffivefamilieswholostrelativesontheTitanicandneverrecoveredthebodies.（含有两个-ed形式做定语和who引导的定语从句）六、复杂同位语（同位语从句）Whiletheyarerarenorthof88°,thereisevidencethattheyrangeallthewayacrosstheArctic,andasfarsouthasJamesBayinCanada.（2019全国I卷语法填ThefriendshipthatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandTheStingfouryearslaterhaditsrootinthefactthatalthoughtherewasanagediffere。