语言学language-and-society.ppt

Chapter9Languageandsociety Sociolinguistics asub fieldoflinguiststhatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive Therelatednessbetweenlanguageandsociety Therearemanyindicationsoftheinter relationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety Languageisoftenusedtoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationships e g greeting Theuseoflanguageisinpartdeterminedbytheuser ssocialbackground socialclass age sex educationlevel etc Language especiallythestructureofitslexicon reflectsboththephysicalandthesocialenvironmentsofasociety snow forEskimo Asasocialphenomenonlanguageiscloselyrelatedtothestructureofthesocietyinwhichitisused theevaluationofalinguisticformisentirelysocial thepostvocalic r Speechcommunityandspeechvariety Speechcommunity thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialsociolinguisticstudyiscalledthespeechcommunity Speechvarietyorlanguagevariety anydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers Insociolinguisticstudythreetypesofspeechvarietyareofspecialinterest i e regionaldialects sociolectsandregisters Twoapproachestosociolinguisticstudies Macro sociolinguistics i e abird s eyeviewofthelanguagesusedinsociety Micro sociolinguistics i e aworm s eyeviewoflanguageinuse Varietiesoflanguage DialectalvarietiesRegisterDegreeofformality Dialectalvarieties Regionaldialectisalinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion e g Br E Am E Socialdialect Sociolect isalinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass e g ReceivedPronunciation Languageandgender e g intonation lexicon Languageandage Lexicaldifference icebox fridge wireless boombox Idiolect apersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional social gender andagevariations e g Hemingway Luxun Ethnicdialect asocialdialectofalanguagethatcutsacrossregionaldifferences itismainlyspokenbyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomeformofsocialisolationsuchasracialdiscriminationorsegregation e g BlackEnglish Register Register inarestrictedsense referstothevarietyoflanguagerelatedtoone soccupation Inabroadersense accordingtoHalliday languagevariesasitsfunctionvaries itdiffersindifferentsituations Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationisaregister Hallidayfurtherdistinguishesthreesocialvariablesthatdeterminetheregister fieldofdiscourse tenorofdiscourse modeofdiscourse Threesocialvariables Fieldofdiscourse whatisgoingon totheareaofoperationofthelanguageactivity Itisconcernedwiththepurpose why andsubjectmatter aboutwhat ofcommunication Itcanbeeithertechnicalornon technical Tenorofdiscourse theroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion whoaretheparticipantsinthecommunicationandinwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother customer shop assistant teacher student etc Modeofdiscourse themeansofcommunication Itisconcernedwithhowcommunicationiscarriedout oral written ontheline Degreeofformality Fivestagesofformality MartinJoos Intimate Upyougo chaps Casual Timeyouallwentupstairsnow Consultative Wouldyoumindgoingupstairsrightaway please Formal Visitorsshouldgoupthestairsatonce Frozen Visitorswouldmaketheirwayatoncetotheupperfloorbywayofthestaircase Note Differentstylesofthesamelanguagecanbecharacterizedthroughdifferencesatthreelevels syntactic lexicalandphonological Standarddialect language Thestandardvarietyisasuperimposed sociallyprestigiousdialectofalanguage Itisthelanguageemployedbythegovernmentandthejudiciarysystem usedbythemassmedia andtaughtineducationalinstitutions includingschoolsettingswherethelanguageistaughtasaforeignorsecondlanguage Standardlanguageisactuallyanidealizedvariety butexistsformostpeopleastheversionthatisacceptedastheofficiallanguageoftheircommunityorcountry StandardEnglishistheversionwebelieveisfoundinprintedEnglishinnewspapersandbooks iswidelyusedinthemassmediaandistaughtinmostschools ItisthevarietywenormallytrytoteachtothosewhowanttolearnEnglishasasecondorforeignlanguage Itisclearlyassociatedwitheducationandbroadcastinginpubliccontextsandismoreeasilydescribedintermsofthewrittenlanguage i e vocabulary spelling grammar thanthespokenlanguage Linguafranca Speakersofmutuallyunintelligiblelanguagewhoneedtocommunicatewitheachotherhaveavarietyofmeansavailabletothem Awidespreadmethodofbridgingthelinguisticgapistousealinguafranca alanguageagreeduponasamediumofcommunicationbypeoplewhospeakdifferentfirstlanguages IntheUSA thelanguageusedforcommunocationwiththemembersofmanydifferentnativeAmericantribeshasbeenEnglish thespeechofthedominantsociety Nowalongwithglobalization Englishhasgraduallybecomealinguafrancawhichisusedforcommunicationamongthespeakersfromdifferentlanguagebackground PidginandCreole Apidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading ThereareseveralEnglishpidginsstillusedtoday Theyarecharacterizedbyanabsenceofanycomplexgrammaticalmorphologyandasomewhatlimitedvocabulary Inflectionalsuffixessuchas s plural and s possessive onnounsinSta。