《冶金教程1金属》PPT课件.ppt

1冶金教程冶金教程第一部分第一部分- 金属金属A. MantiniQuality Two Wheels2024/8/301INDEX 索引索引 1- Metallic Materials 金属原料金属原料 2 - Iron and Iron- Carbon Diagram 铁和铁铁和铁-碳碳 相图相图 Cast Iron 铸铁铸铁 Steel 钢钢 铁铁 Stainless Steel 不锈钢不锈钢 3 - Aluminium 铝铝 Aluminium Alloys 铝合金铝合金 Heat Treatments Aluminium Alloys 铝合金的热处理铝合金的热处理 4 - Copper 铜铜 Copper alloys 铜合金铜合金 Bronze 青铜青铜 Brass 黄铜黄铜2024/8/302THE METALS 金属金属Metallic Materials 金属材料金属材料The metals (with exception of the Gold and of the Platinum) are not in nature to the pure state but they are obtained through thermo-chemical processes from their mineral.金属金属(除金以及铂之外除金以及铂之外)不是以单纯的状态存在于自然界之中，须通过热不是以单纯的状态存在于自然界之中，须通过热-化学方法从矿石中提炼获取化学方法从矿石中提炼获取 。

In general the metals have the following characteristics: 总的来说，金属有以下特性：总的来说，金属有以下特性：- they are shining and show the characteristic “metallic appearance”它们闪闪发亮拥有着它们闪闪发亮拥有着“金属的外观金属的外观”- they are ductile and malleable 有延展性与韧性有延展性与韧性- they are good conductors of heat and of electricity, some are magnetic 良好的导热与导电性，有的金属还有导磁性良好的导热与导电性，有的金属还有导磁性- they show good characteristics mechanics that could improve through mechanical workmanship-金属有良好的机械特性，且此特性可以通过机械工艺而得以改善 they could form alloys that show better characteristics of the materials of start and that they can again improve by mechanical workmanship or by heat treatment 金属可以形成合金随之会具有更佳的金属特性并且还可以通过机械工艺或热处理方式使其金属特性得以改善。

2024/8/303Iron and Iron-Carbon Diagram 铁与铁碳示意图铁与铁碳示意图 The Iron (chemical symbol Fe) 铁铁(化学符号为化学符号为Fe)- it is a diffused metal in nature like mineral (mainly Oxides or Silicate), it is not existing in the native (metallic) state.-铁如同矿石铁如同矿石(主要是氧化物与硅酸盐主要是氧化物与硅酸盐)一样，散布于自然界铁不是以天然的金属形态存在一样，散布于自然界铁不是以天然的金属形态存在 grey silvery, shining, ductile, malleable, discreet conductor of heat and of electricity, it possesses mean density (7,86 g/ mm3)-铁呈银灰色，铁呈银灰色， 有光泽，有延展性，韧性，导电与导热性一般，平均密度为有光泽，有延展性，韧性，导电与导热性一般，平均密度为 7,86g/mm3- moderately resistant to the atmospheric oxidation, if pure. -纯铁的抗氧化性能适中。

纯铁的抗氧化性能适中 it has the ability of tie with an elevated number of other metals in order to give origin to a large family of leagues of industrial interest. 它可以与许多活泼金属结合，从而为工业应用提供了各种类型的铁系合金它可以与许多活泼金属结合，从而为工业应用提供了各种类型的铁系合金 as pure iron does not have industrial applications, all (or almost all) the products of commune use are, in fact, built in Cast Iron or Steel (Iron-Carbon alloys).-因为因为 在工业应用中并不需要纯铁，所以事实上，所有在工业应用中并不需要纯铁，所以事实上，所有(或几乎所有或几乎所有) 相关的产品都是用铸铁或钢相关的产品都是用铸铁或钢(即铁碳合金即铁碳合金)制造的2024/8/304 The iron shows three allotropic forms:铁有三种同素异性的形式：铁有三种同素异性的形式： 1) Iron a a (ferrite) cubic centred body, magnetic, stable up to 911°C, with carbon practically insoluble at room temperature 1)a a 铁铁 (铁素体铁素体) 为体心立方，有磁性，为体心立方，有磁性， 911°C 以下都处于稳定状态以下都处于稳定状态, 在室温下几乎不含碳。

在室温下几乎不含碳 2) Iron g g (austenite) cubic face centred, not magnetic, stable from 911°C to 1400°C, with carbon soluble until at 2% around. 2) g g 铁铁 (奥氏体奥氏体) 为面心立方，没有磁性，从为面心立方，没有磁性，从 911°C 到到 1400°C 都处于稳定状态，含碳量都处于稳定状态，含碳量2%以内 3) Iron d d cubic centred body, stable from 1400°C up to the temperature of fusion. 3) d d铁，铁， 为体心立方，从为体心立方，从1400°C 到熔点都是处于稳定状态到熔点都是处于稳定状态 Iron and Iron-Carbon Diagram 铁与铁碳相图铁与铁碳相图 2024/8/305Iron and Iron-Carbon Diagram 铁与铁碳相图 2024/8/306Ferritic steel, C<0.01%Microstructure: ferrite grains with intergranulars iron carbides 铁素体钢，铁素体钢，C<0.01%显微组织：含有渗碳体的铁素体颗粒显微组织：含有渗碳体的铁素体颗粒x 200Iron and Iron-Carbon Diagram 铁与铁碳相图 2024/8/307Steel C 30 forged and normalisedMicrostructure: Ferrite- Perlite 钢钢 C30 铸造与正火铸造与正火显微组织：铁素体显微组织：铁素体-珠光体珠光体Iron and Iron-Carbon Diagram 铁与铁碳相图 2024/8/308Austenitic Stainless Steel X20CrNi1810 (austenitic microstructure of carbon steel is not visible at lesser temperature than 723°C).Microstructure: twinned grains of austenite奥氏体不锈钢奥氏体不锈钢X20CrNi1810(碳钢的奥氏体显微组织在低碳钢的奥氏体显微组织在低于于723 °C时，肉眼是看不见的。

时，肉眼是看不见的)显微组织：奥氏体的共晶颗粒显微组织：奥氏体的共晶颗粒x 200Iron and Iron-Carbon Diagram 铁与铁碳相图 2024/8/309In the blast furnace (in presence of carbon coke and limestone) it had the fusion and the reduction of the mineral of iron to a binary iron alloy with high content of carbon, the Cast Iron (C> 2,06%).把铁矿石置于鼓风炉中把铁矿石置于鼓风炉中(有焦炭与石灰石有焦炭与石灰石)冶炼冶炼/熔化分解成含碳量很高的二元铁碳合金，即是铸铁熔化分解成含碳量很高的二元铁碳合金，即是铸铁(C> 2,06%). The Cast Iron is a hard alloy and brittle, can be worked by machine but not through lamination and forging, is hardly weldable.铸铁是硬质合金，易碎，焊接性能差。

可以通过机器加工而不能通过铸铁是硬质合金，易碎，焊接性能差可以通过机器加工而不能通过轧制轧制或锻造方式处理或锻造方式处理At the cast state is very fluid and it is lent well to the filling forms, also complex and with the fairly thin walls.处于浇铸状态下时，它的良好的流动性使它很适宜浇铸复杂的及薄壁的零件处于浇铸状态下时，它的良好的流动性使它很适宜浇铸复杂的及薄壁的零件The cast iron is poorly resistant to the atmospheric corrosion and requires protection through painting for his applications at the open air.铸铁的抗氧化性能很差，当它被应用于室外时，需要通过涂层来增强此性能铸铁的抗氧化性能很差，当它被应用于室外时，需要通过涂层来增强此性能Through the addition of other chemical elements we obtain the "alloyed cast irons" with improved characteristics (application in the items for chemical and petrochemical plants).通过添加其他的化学元素，可以获取具有改良特性的通过添加其他的化学元素，可以获取具有改良特性的“合金铸铁合金铸铁”(应用于化工或石化厂应用于化工或石化厂)Cast Iron铸铁铸铁2024/8/3010Cast Iron铸铁铸铁CAST IRON HEAT TREATMENTS 铸铁的热处理铸铁的热处理a- Stress Relief Annealing: to eliminate the strains of cooling. a-消除应力退火：消除应力退火：为消除冷却的张力为消除冷却的张力b- Working Annealing: to eliminate phenomenon of localised hardening. b- 局部局部退火：为消除局部硬化退火：为消除局部硬化/淬火的现象。

淬火的现象c- Normalisation: to conform the mechanical characteristics.c-正火：以增强机械性能正火：以增强机械性能d- Quenching (in oil); with additions of Mn, Mo and Cr could be had the quenching by air.d- 淬火淬火(油淬油淬): 含锰，钼和含锰，钼和铬,可以在空气中淬火e- Superficial Hardening: he is performed be through flame that through induction heating. E-表面硬化：通过感应加热或火焰加热完成表面硬化：通过感应加热或火焰加热完成f- Nitriding: it improve the wear resistance; it is favourite by the presence of Al, Cr and Mo. F-渗氮：改善耐磨性能；铝，铬，钼参与的话有促进作用2024/8/3011Steel钢钢GENERALITY 概论概论In past the steel (C< 2,06%) it was got exclusively in the Converters from the cast iron tapped from the blast furnace.在过去，钢在过去，钢(C<2,06%)是将从鼓风炉出的的铸铁在转炉中冶炼而成的。

是将从鼓风炉出的的铸铁在转炉中冶炼而成的Currently the steel is prevalently obtained from the electric furnace for remelting of wreck follows from processing of the casting (in oven that in ladle).而现在，普遍的做法是将在炉子里进行了浇铸处理的产物置于电炉里面进行重熔而炼得钢而现在，普遍的做法是将在炉子里进行了浇铸处理的产物置于电炉里面进行重熔而炼得钢By addition of Silicon and Manganese is obtained the ”Killed steel”, otherwise the steel is ”Unkilled steel" (Effervescing steel).加入了硅与锰，成镇静钢否则就是沸腾钢加入了硅与锰，成镇静钢否则就是沸腾钢With addition of Aluminium the steel more than that killed is "Nonageing Steel Fine Grain Practice.”加入铝的话，是加入铝的话，是“晶粒细化的时效钢晶粒细化的时效钢”。

The addition of the alloy elements (Mn, Si, Al, Cr, Ni, etc.), in order to obtain the alloyed steels, happens by means of so called "ferro alloy".加入合金元素加入合金元素(锰，硅，铝，锰，硅，铝，铬，镍等)，会生成合金，叫铁合金会生成合金，叫铁合金2024/8/3012Steel 钢钢CLASSIFICATION OF STEELS 钢的分类钢的分类According to the normative European the steels could be classified in terms of the:根据欧洲的标准，钢可按照以下各项分类根据欧洲的标准，钢可按照以下各项分类1) Chemical Composition 化学成分化学成分I Unalloyed Steels 非合金钢非合金钢II Low alloyed Steels 低合金钢低合金钢III Alloyed Steels 合金钢合金钢2) Characteristics of employ 使用的特点使用的特点I Steels of common use 普通钢普通钢II Special Steels 特殊钢特殊钢2024/8/3013Steel 钢钢2024/8/3014Steel钢钢DESIGNATION OF STEELS 钢的牌号钢的牌号The steels have designated according to their mechanical characteristics (Group 1) or according to their chemical composition (Group 2).根据机械性能根据机械性能(组组1)或根据其化学成分或根据其化学成分(组组2) 划分牌号。

划分牌号 Steels of the Group 1:(组组1)- Fe E 350 Mn: steel with minimum yield strength of 350 N/ mm2 and with the addition of the Manganese.- Fe E 350 Mn：：含锰且最小屈服强度为含锰且最小屈服强度为350 N/ mm2 Steels of the Group 2:(组组2)- C 20: carbon steel with an average content of the 0.20% of carbon.- C 20: 碳的平均含量为碳的平均含量为020%的碳钢的碳钢- 16 Ni Cr Mo 4: case hardening steel with the 0.16% average of C, the 1% average of Ni and Cr and Mo around 0,3%;- 16 Ni Cr Mo 4:碳，镍和铬，钼的平均含量约分别为碳，镍和铬，钼的平均含量约分别为0.16%，，1%，，02024/8/3015Steel 钢钢ALLOYNG ELEMENTS OF STEELS 钢的合金元素钢的合金元素The mechanical characteristics of the steels depend both by their "thermomechanic history" and by their chemical composition.钢的机械性能是由其钢的机械性能是由其“热处理过程热处理过程”与其化学成分决定的。

与其化学成分决定的Manganese (Mn): it exclude the "brittleness to the red" and increase the mechanical characteristics of carbon steels (Mn> 1%)锰锰(Mn): 提高了碳钢的红硬性与机械性能提高了碳钢的红硬性与机械性能(Mn> 1%) Silicon (Si): it increase the “elastic limit” of the steel and the wear resistance; from 1.2 to 3% in spring steel, until at 4% in the high magnetic permeability steel. 硅硅 (Si):增加钢的增加钢的“弹性极限弹性极限”及其耐磨性及其耐磨性;从从1.2-3%为弹簧钢，达为弹簧钢，达4%为高度导磁钢为高度导磁钢 Aluminium (Al): it increase the resistance to the heat oxidation. 铝铝 (Al): 增强抗热氧化性。

增强抗热氧化性Chrome (Cr): element that increases the hardenability, strong affinity with carbon and nitrogen; in contents > 12% it makes the steel a "Stainless Steel". Chrome (Cr): 提高淬透性的元素提高淬透性的元素,与碳及其氮有着很强的亲和力；含量与碳及其氮有着很强的亲和力；含量>12%为不锈钢为不锈钢2024/8/3016Steel 钢钢Nickel (Ni) : austenitising element, it improves the toughness (at low temperature).镍镍 (Ni) : 促进奥氏体化的元素，促进奥氏体化的元素，(在低温下在低温下)能改善韧性能改善韧性/钢性Molybdenum (Mo): ferritising element, it reduces the temper embritlement and improve the creep resistance.钼钼(Mo): 促进铁素体化的元素促进铁素体化的元素 ，降低脆化，改善抗蠕变力，降低脆化，改善抗蠕变力Vanadium (V), Tungsten (W), Cobalt (Co): high affinity with the carbon, they form stable carbides also at high temperature (special steels).钒钒(V),钨钨(W)，，钴钴(Co):与碳有高度的亲和力，在高温下也形成稳定的碳化物与碳有高度的亲和力，在高温下也形成稳定的碳化物(特殊的钢特殊的钢)Titanium (Ti), Niobium (Nb): high affinity for the carbon and the nitrogen, they form stable carbides that precipitate to the centre of the grains, of grain, they prevent the intergranular corrosion after high temperature exercise.钛钛(Ti), 铌铌(Nb):与碳和氮有高度的亲和力，形成稳定的碳化物沉淀到晶粒中心与碳和氮有高度的亲和力，形成稳定的碳化物沉淀到晶粒中心,of grain ,高温下，可防止晶间腐蚀。

高温下，可防止晶间腐蚀 Lead (Pb), Sulphur (S), Selenium (Se): they are useful for improving the machinability.铅铅(Pb),硫硫(S),硒硒(Se) :用于改善机加工性用于改善机加工性/切削性2024/8/3017Stainless Steel不锈钢不锈钢 Stainless steel: iron, chrome (at least l‘11-12%) and carbon alloy, plus possible additions of nickel, molybdenum, manganese, silicon, titanium etc. that they make them particularly resistant to some types of corrosion.不锈钢：铁，铬不锈钢：铁，铬(至少至少11-12%)碳合金，加上可能添加的镍，钼碳合金，加上可能添加的镍，钼,锰，硅，钛等锰，硅，钛等,使它们能显著的抗一些种类的腐蚀使它们能显著的抗一些种类的腐蚀They are "stainless" after the superficial formation, in oxidant environment, of a superficial film of chrome oxides (hard and compact) that prevent the ulterior oxidation of the material "passivation".在表面形成后，它们是在表面形成后，它们是“不锈不锈”的，在氧化剂的环境下，它们表面有层氧化铬的，在氧化剂的环境下，它们表面有层氧化铬(硬与致密硬与致密)，可以阻止材料继续氧化。

可以阻止材料继续氧化1 - Ferritic Stainless Steel. (Cr-C) (12%

时，就能电解得到铝From the aluminium of first fusion are got then all the numerous alloys that from it derive.从铝的初次溶解而获取了铝，然后所有众多的合金都起源与其从铝的初次溶解而获取了铝，然后所有众多的合金都起源与其The pure aluminium has characterised by 纯铝的特性纯铝的特性- low density 低密度低密度- good heat conductibility and electric良好的导热与导电性良好的导热与导电性- good resistance to the atmospheric corrosion (passivation) 良好的抗氧化良好的抗氧化(钝化钝化)性能性能- high ductility and malleability 高度的延展性与韧性高度的延展性与韧性2024/8/3020Aluminium Alloys铝合金铝合金Aluminium-Silicon Alloys 铝硅合金铝硅合金At room temperature the solubility of Silicon in the Aluminium is low (maximum 1.65% at the eutectic temperature). However Silicon and Aluminium give place to solid solutions of Silicon in Aluminium (a a) and of Aluminium in Silicon (b b) characterised by the presence of a eutectic (a+ b)a+ b) with content of Silicon about 11.7% at the temperature of 577°C. 在室温条件下，硅在铝之中的可溶性很低在室温条件下，硅在铝之中的可溶性很低(在最易溶的温度条件下最大溶解比例为在最易溶的温度条件下最大溶解比例为1。

65%)无论铝和硅以何种方式固溶无论铝和硅以何种方式固溶:硅硅溶溶于铝于铝((a a)和铝溶于硅和铝溶于硅 (b b) 的特性都会在的特性都会在577 °C下硅含量约为下硅含量约为11.7%的共晶中出现的共晶中出现.The Al-Si alloys do not improve their characteristics through heat treatment and in general the increase of the content of Si it improve the resistance of the material; the ductility could be improved with the treatment of "modification" by means of addition of Sodium or salts of Strontium.通过热处理，铝硅合金的特性不会得以改善通常通过增加硅，通过热处理，铝硅合金的特性不会得以改善通常通过增加硅，会改善材料的耐磨性会改善材料的耐磨性通过增加钠或者锶盐处理，延展性能得通过增加钠或者锶盐处理，延展性能得以改善。

以改善These alloys have characterised by high fluidity to the melted state and are lent to the realisation of thin and complex shapes (2

共有以下两种类型铜的冶炼相当复杂，在最终的冶炼步骤中，以为有气泡，所以进一步的精炼处理共有以下两种类型- electrolytic copper 电解铜电解铜- copper heat refine d 精炼铜2024/8/3025COPPER ALLOYS 铜合金铜合金 The copper ties itself with many of the other metals giving place to numerous alloys of industrial interest; here we will treat exclusively of the two more important the Brass and the Bronze.铜与很多别的金属结合会产生很多利于工业的合金，在此将专门讲述两种更为重要的黄铜与青铜铜与很多别的金属结合会产生很多利于工业的合金，在此将专门讲述两种更为重要的黄铜与青铜Brass黄铜黄铜With the name of brass are denoted the components of the big family of the binary alloys Copper- Zinc; at the change of the content of zinc you could have different types of crystalline structures:黄铜指二元铜黄铜指二元铜-锌合金。

锌含量的改变，会产生不同的种类的晶体结构锌含量的改变，会产生不同的种类的晶体结构 a a brass (Zn < 37%): malleable at cold moderately malleable at heat.- a a 黄铜黄铜 (Zn < 37%):低温时候是可锻的，高温时可适度锻低温时候是可锻的，高温时可适度锻- b b brass (37< Zn < 57%): malleable at hot, hard and brittle at cold.- b b 黄铜黄铜 (37< Zn < 57%): 高温时可锻，低温时有脆性高温时可锻，低温时有脆性- a+ba+b brass (35< Zn< 47%): better ductility to hot or to cold according to the ratio a / ba / b at room temperature.- a+ba+b 黄铜黄铜 (35< Zn< 47%): 延展性的好坏要根据室温下延展性的好坏要根据室温下a / ba / b 的相对含量决定的相对含量决定. . The mechanical characteristics of the brasses could not be improve by means of heat treatments.通过热处理，黄铜的机械特性不能得以改善。

通过热处理，黄铜的机械特性不能得以改善2024/8/3026COPPER ALLOYS 铜合金铜合金 黄铜黄铜 CuZn40 :mixed microstructure of a a grains (bright)+ b b grains (dark)黄铜黄铜 CuZn40 : a a晶粒晶粒 ( (亮的亮的) + ) + b b 颗粒的混合显微结构颗粒的混合显微结构黄铜黄铜CuZn20: Twinned grains of a a solid solution a a 固溶体中的孪晶固溶体中的孪晶2024/8/3027COPPER ALLOYS 铜合金铜合金 The Bronze 青铜青铜With the name of "bronze" they are commonly you call the binary alloys Copper-Tin, according to the content of tin three families of bronzes could be had, harder than the copper, and more precisely:青铜普遍被称为二元青铜普遍被称为二元 “铜铜-锡”合金合金，根据锡的含量不同，青铜分有以下三种，它们都比铜更为坚硬与precisely: - Tin (Sn)< 8%: a a alloy, easily deformable to cold, good leagues from foundry but that require homogenising annealing - Tin < 8%: a a 合金，合金，冷却时容易变形冷却时容易变形 ，通过铸造会很好结合。

通过铸造会很好结合 但要求均匀化退火但要求均匀化退火- Tin ~ 10%: alloy a + da + d, they possess the best mechanical characteristics between the Cu-Sn leagues, discretely deformable at cold, excellent the characteristics of wear resistance.- Tin ~ 10%: a + da + d合金合金 ，在铜，在铜-锡组中，它们有最好的机械特征，可在冷时分离变形，在抗磨性能上有着优良特性 Tin~ 20%: alloy a + ea + e , not more deformable at cold, used for mechanical parts subjected to strong wear, used for the fusion of the bells.- Tin~ 20%: 合金合金 a + ea + e , 在冷时，在冷时， 不会更变形，用于易于强度磨损的机械零件不会更变形，用于易于强度磨损的机械零件 用于钟的熔接用于钟的熔接The mechanical characteristics of the bronzes have not improved by heat treating. 通过热处理，青铜的机械特性不会得以改善。

2024/8/3028COPPER ALLOYS 铜合金铜合金 Copper - Tin alloy type BS7 (~7% Tin)Twinned grains of solid solution a a铜铜 -锡锡 合金类型合金类型BS7(-7%锡锡)a a固溶体中的孪晶固溶体中的孪晶x 2002024/8/3029。