大学体验英语综合教程4unit 2 Passage B Cultural Differences【中小学堂】.ppt

1课堂特制Contents•Skimming and Scanning•Language Points•Reading Questions •Reading Skill Practice•Translating Skill Practice2课堂特制Decide T or F or fill in the blanks after your fast reading•( )1. The writer was told the Russian was a crude people. •( )2. The writer have known Russian very well in 1993.•( )3. The writer went to Russian twice.•( )4. In Chile, women often kiss not only women but also men on the cheek to show the greetings. F F F T Para 1Para 1Para 6Para 123课堂特制•( )5. In Russia, when a man peels a banana for woman, it means he is fond of her. •( )6. We can generalize nothing similar from Hispanics.•( )7. “Yes” means “I agree” all the time.• •( )8. Paying attention to customs and cultural differences is not important. •( )9. In Russia, it is a customary for the arriving person to greet the others.•10. The writer worked in in 1993.the University of CaliforniaF F F F T Para 7Para 9Para 11Para 12Para 12Para 14课堂特制 Cultural Differences In 1993, I had my first opportunity to visit Russia as a representative of the University of California. I was there to provide some technical assistance in the area of agricultural labor management. “Russians are a very polite people,” I had been tutored before my arrival. One of my interpreters, once I was there, explained that a gentleman should pour the lemonade (a type of juice) for the ladies and show other courtesies to them. Toward the end of my three-week trip I was invited by my young Russian host and friend Dmitri Ivanovich and his lovely wife Yielena out to dinner. At the end of a wonderful meal Yielena asked if I would like a banana. IReading question 1educated / taughtinvite sb. out to dinner 邀请邀请…外出吃饭外出吃饭5课堂特制politely declined and thanked her, and explained I was most satisfied with the meal. But the whole while my mind was racing: “What do I do? Do I offer her a banana even though they are as close to her as they are to me? What is the polite thing to do?” “Would you like a banana?” I asked Yielena. “Yes,” she smiled, but made no attempt to take any of the three bananas in the fruit basket. “What now?” I thought. “Which one would you like?” I fumbled. “That one,” she pointed at one of the bananas. So all the while thinking about Russian politeness I picked the banana Yielena had pointed at and peeled it half way and handed it to her. Smiles in Yielena and Dmitri’s faces told me I had done the right thing. After this experience I spent much timeReading question 2shouldbananasmake attempt to…Eg. He made attempt to go.time,6课堂特制letting the world know that in Russia, the polite thing is to peel the bananas for the ladies. Sometime during my third trip I was politely disabused of my notion.“Oh no, Grigorii Davidovich,” a Russian graciously corrected me. “In Russia, when a man peels a banana for a lady it means he has a romantic interest in her.” How embarrassed I felt. And here I had been proudly telling everyone about this tidbit of cultural understanding. Certain lessons have to be learned the hard way. Some well meaning articles and presentations on cultural differences have a potential to do more harm than good and may not be as amusing. They present, like my bananas, too many generalizations or quite a distorted view. kindlyReading question 3a small interesting information 小趣闻小趣闻有些教训只有通过这种尴尬的方式才能吸取。

有些教训只有通过这种尴尬的方式才能吸取7课堂特制 Some often-heard generalizations about the Hispanic culture include: Hispanics need less personal space, make less eye contact, touch each other more in normal conversation, and are less likely to participate in a meeting. Generalizations are often dangerous, and especially when accompanied by recommendations such as: move closer when talking to Hispanics, make more physical contact, don’t expect participation, and so on.be likely to …: is expected to…可能会做可能会做…Eg. She’ s more likely to take part in the contest.8课堂特制 Differences between people within any given nation or culture are much greater than differences between groups. Education, social standing, religion, personality, belief structure, past experience, affection shown in the home, and a myriad of other factors will affect human behavior and culture. Sure there are differences in approach as to what is considered polite and appropriate behavior both on and off the job. In some cultures “yes” means, “I hear you” more than “I agree.” Length of pleasantries and greetings before getting down to business, level of tolerance for being around someone speaking a foreign (not-understood) language, politeness measured in terms of gallantry or etiquette (e.g., standing up for a woman who approaches aa host of / a multitude of / a wealth of 谈正事前的寒暄和问候的时间长短谈正事前的寒暄和问候的时间长短()9课堂特制table, yielding a seat on the bus to an older person, etc.) and manner of expected dress are all examples of possible cultural differences and traditions. In Mexico it is customary for the arriving person to greet the others. For instance, someone who walks into a group of people eating would say provecho (enjoy your meal). In Chile, women often greet both other women and men with a kiss on the cheek. In Russia women often walk arm in arm with their female friends. Paying attention to customs and cultural differences can give someone outside that culture a better chance of assimilation or acceptance. Ignoring these can get an unsuspecting person into trouble. There are cultural and ideological differences and it is good to have an understanding about a culture’s customs and ways. 10课堂特制Aaron Pun, a Canadian ODCnet correspondent, wrote: “Instudying cross-cultural differences, we are not looking at individuals but a comparison of one ethnic group against others. Hence, we are comparing two bell curves and generalizations cannot be avoided.” Another correspondent explained the human need to categorize. True, but the danger comes when we act on some of these generalizations, especially when they are based on faulty observations. Acting on generalizations about such matters as eye contact, personal space, touch, and interest in participation can have serious negative consequences. (781 words)Reading question 4Reading question 5严重的负面后果严重的负面后果positive consequences 正面结果正面结果11课堂特制But the whole while my mind was racingBut the whole while my mind was racing race v. race v.[ [常用意常用意常用意常用意]— take in a race ]— take in a race 参加速度比赛参加速度比赛参加速度比赛参加速度比赛[ [此处此处此处此处]— move very fast ]— move very fast 急速运转；移动急速运转；移动急速运转；移动急速运转；移动the whole time / all the time 一直一直Translation Translation • •但此刻我一直在想。

但此刻我一直在想但此刻我一直在想但此刻我一直在想12课堂特制Sometime Sometime during during my my third third trip trip I I was was politely politely disabuseddisabused ofof my my notionnotion When When I I went went to to Russia Russia for for the the third third time time a a Russian Russian politely corrected my wrong notion.politely corrected my wrong notion.13课堂特制Some Some well well meaning meaning articles articles and and presentations presentations on on cultural cultural differences differences have have a a potential potential to to do do more more harm harm than than good good and and may not be as amusing.may not be as amusing.Some Some articles articles and and lectures lectures aim aim to to help help readers readers and and audience audience to to understand understand about about cultural cultural differences, differences, but but in in fact, fact, are are likely likely to to mislead mislead them, them, meanwhile meanwhile they they are are not interesting. not interesting. 那那那那些些些些有有有有关关关关文文文文化化化化差差差差异异异异的的的的好好好好心心心心文文文文章章章章和和和和讲讲讲讲座座座座可可可可能能能能是是是是害害害害多多多多利利利利少少少少，，，，也许还并不像我说的这件事这样只是一件趣事而已。

也许还并不像我说的这件事这样只是一件趣事而已也许还并不像我说的这件事这样只是一件趣事而已也许还并不像我说的这件事这样只是一件趣事而已 好心的；善意的好心的；善意的14课堂特制Hispanic adj.Hispanic adj.— — of of Spain Spain and and other other Spanish-speaking Spanish-speaking countries countries 西西西西班班班班牙牙牙牙及及及及其其其其他他他他说说西班牙西班牙西班牙西班牙语语国家的国家的国家的国家的Hispanics: n. Hispanics: n. 15课堂特制accompanyaccompany v v. . —— be be provided provided or or exist exist at at the the same same time time as as something; something; go go with, esp. on a journey with, esp. on a journey 伴随伴随伴随伴随ExampleExample• •Let me Let me accompanyaccompany you to the restaurant. you to the restaurant. • • AccompanyingAccompanying these these temperature temperature variations variations were were some periods of rather heavy precipitation. some periods of rather heavy precipitation. 天气变化天气变化fall of rain, sleet, snow or hail（雨、雨夹雪、雪、雹子等的）降落（雨、雨夹雪、雪、雹子等的）降落16课堂特制recommendationrecommendation n n. . —— advice or suggestion advice or suggestion ExampleExample• •My My teacher teacher wrote wrote me me a a letter letter of of recommendationrecommendation to to support my job application. support my job application. 17课堂特制Differences Differences between between people people within within any any given given nation nation or or culture culture are much greater than differences between groups.are much greater than differences between groups.The The differences differences between between people people in in one one country country or or one one culture culture are are much much greater greater than than those those between between two two countries or two cultures. countries or two cultures. 任任任任何何何何特特特特定定定定民民民民族族族族或或或或特特特特定定定定文文文文化化化化内内内内部部部部的的的的人人人人们们们们之之之之间间间间的的的的差差差差异异异异常常常常常常常常要要要要比不同群体间的差异比不同群体间的差异比不同群体间的差异比不同群体间的差异大大大大得多。

得多18课堂特制Sure Sure there there are are differences differences in in approachapproach as as to to what what is is considered considered polite polite and and appropriate appropriate behavior behavior both both on on and and off the job.off the job.Translation Translation • •对对对对上上上上班班班班和和和和下下下下班班班班后后后后那那那那些些些些行行行行为为为为算算算算是是是是有有有有礼礼礼礼貌貌貌貌和和和和恰恰恰恰当当当当的的的的这这这这一一一一问问问问题，看法肯定是有分歧的题，看法肯定是有分歧的题，看法肯定是有分歧的题，看法肯定是有分歧的 way / attitude19课堂特制Paying Paying attention attention to to customs customs and and cultural cultural differences differences can can give give someone someone outside outside that that culture culture a a better better chance chance of of assimilation assimilation or acceptance.or acceptance.If If they they pay pay attention attention to to the the customs customs and and cultural cultural differences differences those those who who come come from from another another culture culture have have a a better chance of being accepted by the local people. better chance of being accepted by the local people. 注注注注意意意意风风风风俗俗俗俗习习习习惯惯惯惯和和和和文文文文化化化化差差差差异异异异能能能能让让让让来来来来自自自自另另另另一一一一种种种种文文文文化化化化的的的的人人人人有有有有机机机机会更快地融入该文化或被认同。

会更快地融入该文化或被认同会更快地融入该文化或被认同会更快地融入该文化或被认同20课堂特制There There are are cultural cultural and and ideological ideological differences differences and and it it is is good good to to have an understanding about a culture’s customs and ways.have an understanding about a culture’s customs and ways.In In another another country, country, the the cultural cultural and and political political beliefs beliefs are are different different from from ours, ours, therefore therefore it’s it’s helpful helpful to to know know its its customs and ways.customs and ways.由由由由于于于于存存存存在在在在文文文文化化化化和和和和意意意意识识识识形形形形态态态态上上上上的的的的差差差差异异异异，，，，所所所所以以以以了了了了解解解解一一一一种种种种文文文文化化化化中的习惯和方式是有好处的。

中的习惯和方式是有好处的中的习惯和方式是有好处的中的习惯和方式是有好处的21课堂特制In In studying studying cross-cultural cross-cultural differences, differences, we we are are not not looking looking at at individuals individuals but but a a comparison comparison of of one one ethnic ethnic group group against against others. others. Hence, Hence, we we are are comparing comparing two two bell bell curves curves and and generalizations cannot be avoided.generalizations cannot be avoided. When When we we study study the the differences differences between between different different cultures cultures we we are are comparing comparing the the collective collective culture culture rather rather than than individuals individuals from from each each culture. culture. Therefore Therefore we we focus focus on on their their general general differences differences which which will will not not be be true true of of everyone within those cultures.everyone within those cultures.Translation 22课堂特制In In studying studying cross-cultural cross-cultural differences, differences, we we are are not not looking looking at at individuals individuals but but a a comparison comparison of of one one ethnic ethnic group group against against others. others. Hence, Hence, we we are are comparing comparing two two bell bell curves curves and and generalizations cannot be avoided.generalizations cannot be avoided.在在在在研研研研究究究究跨跨跨跨文文文文化化化化差差差差异异异异中中中中，，，，我我我我们们们们不不不不是是是是研研研研究究究究个个个个体体体体，，，，而而而而是是是是进进进进行行行行不不不不同同同同民民民民族族族族间间间间的的的的比比比比较较较较，，，，因因因因此此此此，，，，我我我我们们们们是是是是在在在在比比比比较较较较两两两两个个个个正正正正态态态态分分分分布布布布曲曲曲曲线，所以概括是难免的。

线，所以概括是难免的线，所以概括是难免的线，所以概括是难免的23课堂特制Ex. 10 Choose the best answer to each question with the information from the passage.1. 1.What What did did the the author author learn learn about about Russians Russians before before he he visited visited Russia?Russia?A)A) They are very polite.They are very polite.B)B) They are frank and romantic.They are frank and romantic.C)C) Their behavior is usually very different.Their behavior is usually very different.D)D) They are very hospitable.They are very hospitable.1. 1.What What did did the the author author learn learn about about Russians Russians before before he he visited visited Russia?Russia?A)A) They are very polite.They are very polite.B)B) They are frank and romantic.They are frank and romantic.C)C) Their behavior is usually very different.Their behavior is usually very different.D)D) They are very hospitableThey are very hospitable24课堂特制Ex. 10 Choose the best answer to each question with the information from the passage.2. 2.How How did did the the author author feel feel about about his his peeling peeling a a banana banana for for a a woman woman in Russia during his first visit to Russia?in Russia during his first visit to Russia?A)A) He felt he did the right thing in line with Russian culture.He felt he did the right thing in line with Russian culture.B)B) He felt embarrassed for having broken a Russian custom.He felt embarrassed for having broken a Russian custom.C)C) He felt he was making a mistake.He felt he was making a mistake.D)D) He felt excited about his romantic experience. He felt excited about his romantic experience. 2. 2.How How did did the the author author feel feel about about his his peeling peeling a a banana banana for for a a woman woman in Russia during his first visit to Russia?in Russia during his first visit to Russia?A)A) He felt he did the right thing in line with Russian culture.He felt he did the right thing in line with Russian culture.B)B) He felt embarrassed for having broken a Russian custom.He felt embarrassed for having broken a Russian custom.C)C) He felt he was making a mistake.He felt he was making a mistake.D)D) He felt excited about his romantic experience. He felt excited about his romantic experience. 25课堂特制3. How did the author realize that he had made a cultural blunder?3. How did the author realize that he had made a cultural blunder?A)A) He studied Russian etiquette after his first visit to Russia.He studied Russian etiquette after his first visit to Russia.B)B) He got a hint from the lady he offered the banana to.He got a hint from the lady he offered the banana to.C)C) He was politely corrected by a Russian during his third visit.He was politely corrected by a Russian during his third visit.D)D) He consulted some books and realized his mistake.He consulted some books and realized his mistake.Ex. 10 Choose the best answer to each question with the information from the passage.3. How did the author realize that he had made a cultural blunder?3. How did the author realize that he had made a cultural blunder?A)A) He studied Russian etiquette after his first visit to Russia.He studied Russian etiquette after his first visit to Russia.B)B) He got a hint from the lady he offered the banana to.He got a hint from the lady he offered the banana to.C)C) He was politely corrected by a Russian during his third visit.He was politely corrected by a Russian during his third visit.D)D) He consulted some books and realized his mistake.He consulted some books and realized his mistake.26课堂特制4. 4.What What does does the the author author mean mean by by the the study study of of cross-cultural cross-cultural differences?differences?A)A) Studying Studying the the differences differences between between individuals individuals within within oneone ethnic group. ethnic group.B)B) Making Making a a comparison comparison between between one one ethnic ethnic group group and and anotheranother in terms of culture. in terms of culture.C)C) Making Making cultural cultural generalizations generalizations about about one one culture culture based based onon the standards of the other. the standards of the other.D)D) Comparing and categorizing different cultures.Comparing and categorizing different cultures.Ex. 10 Choose the best answer to each question with the information from the passage.4. 4.What What does does the the author author mean mean by by the the study study of of cross-cultural cross-cultural differences?differences?A)A) Studying Studying the the differences differences between between individuals individuals within within oneone ethnic group. ethnic group.B)B) Making Making a a comparison comparison between between one one ethnic ethnic group group and and anotheranother in terms of culture. in terms of culture.C)C) Making Making cultural cultural generalizations generalizations about about one one culture culture based based onon the standards of the other. the standards of the other.D)D) Comparing and categorizing different cultures.Comparing and categorizing different cultures.27课堂特制5 5What can we infer about the author from the passage?What can we infer about the author from the passage?A) He was a male tourist.A) He was a male tourist.B)B) He could speak Russian very well.He could speak Russian very well.C)C) He often traveled around the world.He often traveled around the world.D)D) He was an expert in world cultures.He was an expert in world cultures.Ex. 10 Choose the best answer to each question with the information from the passage.5 5What can we infer about the author from the passage?What can we infer about the author from the passage?A) He was a male tourist.A) He was a male tourist.B)B) He could speak Russian very well.He could speak Russian very well.C)C) He often traveled around the world.He often traveled around the world.D)D) He was an expert in world cultures.He was an expert in world cultures.28课堂特制29课堂特制Facts Facts are are statements statements that that can can be be verified verified ─ ─ that that is, is, proven proven to to be be true. true. Opinions Opinions are are statements statements that that express express subjective subjective feelings, feelings, attitudes, or beliefs. Their truth will have to be proven.attitudes, or beliefs. Their truth will have to be proven.Here are a few examples of each:Here are a few examples of each:FactsFacts1. 1. The The average average American American adults adults spend spend 25 25 hours hours per per week week on on housework.housework.2. U.S. military spending has increased over the past ten years.2. U.S. military spending has increased over the past ten years.Distinguishing Fact from OpinionDistinguishing Fact from Opinion30课堂特制Distinguishing Fact from OpinionDistinguishing Fact from OpinionOpinionsOpinions1. 1. By By the the year year 2020 2020 tobacco tobacco should should havehave become become illegal, illegal, as as various other drugs are currently illegal.various other drugs are currently illegal.2. 2. If If John John F. F. Kennedy Kennedy had had lived, lived, the the United United States States would would have have becomebecome quite different. quite different.Facts, Facts, once once verified verified or or taken taken from from a a reputable reputable source, source, can can be be accepted accepted and and regarded regarded as as reliablereliable information. information. Opinions, Opinions, however, however, are are not not reliablereliable sources sources of of information information and and should should be be questioned questioned and and carefully carefully evaluated. evaluated. Some Some authors authors are are careful careful to to signal the reader when they are presenting an opinion. signal the reader when they are presenting an opinion. 31课堂特制Distinguishing Fact from OpinionDistinguishing Fact from OpinionWatch for such words and phrases as:Watch for such words and phrases as:it is believed apparentlyit is believed apparentlyin my view presumablyin my view presumablyit is likely that in my opinionit is likely that in my opinionseemingly this suggestsseemingly this suggestsone explanation is possiblyone explanation is possibly32课堂特制33课堂特制数量词的翻译数量词的翻译数量词的翻译数量词的翻译(Numbers)(Numbers)数量词的翻译方法和技巧数量词的翻译方法和技巧数量词的翻译方法和技巧数量词的翻译方法和技巧数词的翻译数词的翻译 英汉两种语言表示数量的方法时有不同，翻译中不仅需要仔英汉两种语言表示数量的方法时有不同，翻译中不仅需要仔细推敲细推敲如何表达，有时还需要进行换算。

例如：如何表达，有时还需要进行换算例如：1 ten thousand 万，万， one hundred thousand 十万十万, one hundred million 亿亿, one billion 十亿十亿, ten billion 百亿百亿2 hundreds of: 数百数百 thousands of: 数千；成千上万数千；成千上万 tens of thousands of: 千千万万千千万万 millions of: 数百万；千百数百万；千百万万 millions of millions of 亿万亿万与此相类似的还有一些表示数量的名词：与此相类似的还有一些表示数量的名词：decades: 几十（年）几十（年） scores: 好几十；大量好几十；大量 dozens: 数打数打 34课堂特制ExercisesExercises量词的翻译量词的翻译1. 度量衡单位词的翻译：直接将量词译为对应的汉语例度量衡单位词的翻译：直接将量词译为对应的汉语例如：如： ton: 吨吨 gram: 克克 foot: 英尺英尺 inch: 英寸英寸2. 普通名词作量词则应按语境来译，必须符合汉语的表达普通名词作量词则应按语境来译，必须符合汉语的表达习惯。

例如：习惯例如： a piece of news: 一则消息一则消息 a colony of ants: 一窝蚂蚁一窝蚂蚁 a cake of soap: 一块肥皂一块肥皂3. 翻译时增加量词例如：翻译时增加量词例如： a chair: 一把椅子一把椅子 a horse: 一匹马一匹马 a tree: 一棵树一棵树 A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. 一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起35课堂特制1. 1. Petroleum, Petroleum, natural natural gas gas and and coal coal come come from from plants plants that that lived lived 330 330 million years ago.million years ago.2. 2.Although Although there there exist exist only only about about 90 90 elements elements in in nature, nature, they they combine to form thousands of different substances in the bine to form thousands of different substances in the world.Ex. Ex. Translate Translate the the following following sentences sentences into into Chinese Chinese and and pay pay special attention to the colored parts.special attention to the colored parts.vv石油石油石油石油﹑﹑﹑﹑天然气和煤都是由天然气和煤都是由天然气和煤都是由天然气和煤都是由3 3 3 3亿亿亿亿3 3 3 3千万年千万年千万年千万年以前的植物形成的。

以前的植物形成的以前的植物形成的以前的植物形成的vv虽虽虽虽然然然然自自自自然然然然界界界界大大大大约约约约只只只只有有有有90909090种种种种元元元元素素素素，，，，但但但但它它它它们们们们的的的的结结结结合合合合可可可可构构构构成成成成世世世世界界界界上千千万万种不同的物质上千千万万种不同的物质上千千万万种不同的物质上千千万万种不同的物质36课堂特制3. 3.Nobel’s Nobel’s original original legacy legacy of of nine nine million million dollars dollars was was invested, invested, and and the the interest interest on on this this sum sum is is used used for for the the awards awards which which vary vary from from $30 000 to $125 000.$30 000 to $125 000.4. 4.Four Four score score and and seven seven years years ago ago our our fathers fathers brought brought forth forth on on this this continent continent a a new new nation, nation, conceived conceived in in liberty, liberty, and and dedicated dedicated to to the the propositions that all men are created equal.propositions that all men are created equal.vv诺诺诺诺贝贝贝贝尔尔尔尔提提提提供供供供的的的的遗遗遗遗产产产产原原原原数数数数为为为为900900900900万万万万美美美美元元元元，，，，这这这这些些些些钱钱钱钱投投投投资资资资后后后后所所所所得得得得利息用作奖金，奖金的数额从利息用作奖金，奖金的数额从利息用作奖金，奖金的数额从利息用作奖金，奖金的数额从3 3 3 3万万万万美元到美元到美元到美元到12.512.512.512.5万万万万美元不等。

美元不等美元不等美元不等vv八八八八十十十十七七七七年年年年前前前前，，，，我我我我们们们们的的的的先先先先辈辈辈辈们们们们在在在在这这这这个个个个大大大大陆陆陆陆上上上上创创创创立立立立了了了了一一一一个个个个新新新新的的的的国国国国家家家家，，，，它孕于自由之中，奉行一切人生来平等的原则它孕于自由之中，奉行一切人生来平等的原则它孕于自由之中，奉行一切人生来平等的原则它孕于自由之中，奉行一切人生来平等的原则37课堂特制38课堂特制。