
系统功能语言学视角下翻译研究.ppt
61页A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach to A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach to Translation StudiesTranslation Studies系统功能语言学视角下的系统功能语言学视角下的翻译研究翻译研究Huang Guowen (Sun Yat-sen University)Huang Guowen (Sun Yat-sen University)<><>1 1AcknowledgementsI’d like to express my thanks to the School of Foreign Languages of Nanjing University of Technology for inviting me to give a talk here.2 2AcknowledgementsAt Sun Yat-sen University a number of people have worked with me in the area of translation studies:张美芳 教授、博士(中山大学/澳门大学)尚媛媛 副教授、博士(深圳大学)王 鹏 讲师、博士(中山大学)李发根 教授、博士(江西师范大学)司显柱 教授、博士(江西财经大学)3 3近年来我们的有关研究黄国文黄国文黄国文黄国文 2001 2001 2001 2001,《语篇分析的理论与实践》,,《语篇分析的理论与实践》,,《语篇分析的理论与实践》,,《语篇分析的理论与实践》, 上海:上海:上海:上海:上海外语教育出版社。
上海外语教育出版社上海外语教育出版社上海外语教育出版社黄国文黄国文黄国文黄国文 2002 2002 2002 2002,关于语篇与翻译,《外语与外语教学,关于语篇与翻译,《外语与外语教学,关于语篇与翻译,《外语与外语教学,关于语篇与翻译,《外语与外语教学》》》》2002200220022002第第第第7 7 7 7期黄国文黄国文黄国文黄国文 2006 2006 2006 2006,《翻译研究的语言学探索》,,《翻译研究的语言学探索》,,《翻译研究的语言学探索》,,《翻译研究的语言学探索》, 上海:上海:上海:上海:上海外语教育出版社上海外语教育出版社上海外语教育出版社上海外语教育出版社张美芳、黄国文张美芳、黄国文张美芳、黄国文张美芳、黄国文 2002 2002 2002 2002,语篇语言学与翻译研究,,语篇语言学与翻译研究,,语篇语言学与翻译研究,,语篇语言学与翻译研究,《中国翻译》《中国翻译》《中国翻译》《中国翻译》2002200220022002年第年第年第年第3 3 3 3期黄国文、张美芳黄国文、张美芳黄国文、张美芳黄国文、张美芳 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 从语篇从语篇从语篇从语篇分析角度看翻译单位分析角度看翻译单位分析角度看翻译单位分析角度看翻译单位的确定的确定的确定的确定,(,(,(,(香港香港香港香港) ) ) )Translation QuarterlyTranslation QuarterlyTranslation QuarterlyTranslation Quarterly, , , , 2003200320032003((((30303030)。
4 4黄黄黄黄国国国国文文文文::::功功功功能能能能语语语语言言言言学学学学分分分分析析析析对对对对翻翻翻翻译译译译研研研研究究究究的的的的启启启启示示示示, , , ,《《《《 外外外外语语语语与外语教学》,与外语教学》,与外语教学》,与外语教学》,2002 (5)2002 (5)2002 (5)2002 (5)黄黄黄黄国国国国文文文文::::杜杜杜杜牧牧牧牧《《《《清清清清明明明明》》》》英英英英译译译译文文文文的的的的逻逻逻逻辑辑辑辑功功功功能能能能分分分分析析析析, , , ,《《《《 外外外外语与翻译》,语与翻译》,语与翻译》,语与翻译》,2002 (1)2002 (1)2002 (1)2002 (1)黄黄黄黄国国国国文文文文::::《《《《清清清清明明明明》》》》英英英英译译译译文文文文的的的的人人人人际际际际功功功功能能能能探探探探讨讨讨讨, , , ,《《《《 外外外外语语语语教教教教学》,学》,学》,学》, 2002 (3) 2002 (3) 2002 (3) 2002 (3)黄黄黄黄国国国国文文文文::::从从从从语语语语篇篇篇篇功功功功能能能能的的的的角角角角度度度度看看看看《《《《清清清清明明明明》》》》的的的的几几几几种种种种英英英英译译译译文文文文, , , ,钱钱钱钱军军军军 编编编编 《《《《语语语语言言言言学学学学::::中中中中国国国国与与与与世世世世界界界界同同同同步步步步 》》》》,,,, 北北北北京京京京::::外语教学与研究出版社外语教学与研究出版社外语教学与研究出版社外语教学与研究出版社, 2002, 2002, 2002, 2002。
黄黄黄黄国国国国文文文文::::唐唐唐唐诗诗诗诗英英英英译译译译文文文文中中中中的的的的引引引引述述述述现现现现象象象象分分分分析析析析,,,,《《《《 外外外外语语语语学学学学刊》刊》刊》刊》2002 (3)2002 (3)2002 (3)2002 (3)黄黄黄黄国国国国文文文文::::对对对对唐唐唐唐诗诗诗诗《《《《寻寻寻寻隐隐隐隐者者者者不不不不遇遇遇遇》》》》英英英英译译译译文文文文的的的的功功功功能能能能语语语语篇篇篇篇分分分分析,《析,《析,《析,《 解放军外语学院学报》,解放军外语学院学报》,解放军外语学院学报》,解放军外语学院学报》,2002(5)2002(5)2002(5)2002(5)黄黄黄黄国国国国文文文文::::古古古古诗诗诗诗英英英英译译译译文文文文里里里里的的的的时时时时态态态态分分分分析析析析,,,,《《《《四四四四川川川川外外外外语语语语学学学学院院院院学报》学报》学报》学报》2003200320032003((((1 1 1 1)5 5黄黄黄黄国国国国文文文文::::汉汉汉汉英英英英语语语语篇篇篇篇比比比比较较较较研研研研究究究究的的的的功功功功能能能能语语语语言言言言学学学学尝尝尝尝试试试试,,,,《《《《外外外外语语语语与与与与外语教学》外语教学》外语教学》外语教学》2003200320032003((((2 2 2 2)。
黄黄黄黄国国国国文文文文::::从从从从《《《《天天天天净净净净沙沙沙沙 · · · · 秋秋秋秋思思思思》》》》的的的的英英英英译译译译文文文文看看看看 ““““形形形形式式式式对对对对等等等等””””的重要性,《中国翻译》的重要性,《中国翻译》的重要性,《中国翻译》的重要性,《中国翻译》2003200320032003((((2 2 2 2)黄国文:静态与动态在翻译中的表现黄国文:静态与动态在翻译中的表现黄国文:静态与动态在翻译中的表现黄国文:静态与动态在翻译中的表现—— —— —— —— 柳宗元的《江柳宗元的《江柳宗元的《江柳宗元的《江雪》英译文分析,《外语与翻译》雪》英译文分析,《外语与翻译》雪》英译文分析,《外语与翻译》雪》英译文分析,《外语与翻译》2003200320032003((((1 1 1 1)黄国文:翻译研究的功能语言学途径《中国翻译》黄国文:翻译研究的功能语言学途径《中国翻译》黄国文:翻译研究的功能语言学途径《中国翻译》黄国文:翻译研究的功能语言学途径《中国翻译》2004200420042004((((5 5 5 5)黄国文:形式的选择与意义的体现黄国文:形式的选择与意义的体现黄国文:形式的选择与意义的体现黄国文:形式的选择与意义的体现————————古诗英译文中的人古诗英译文中的人古诗英译文中的人古诗英译文中的人称问题研究。
《外语艺术教育研究》称问题研究《外语艺术教育研究》称问题研究《外语艺术教育研究》称问题研究《外语艺术教育研究》2004200420042004((((4 4 4 4)黄国文:古诗英译分析的语言学尝试《外语论坛》黄国文:古诗英译分析的语言学尝试《外语论坛》黄国文:古诗英译分析的语言学尝试《外语论坛》黄国文:古诗英译分析的语言学尝试《外语论坛》2006200620062006((((1 1 1 1)黄国文:关于功能语言学与翻译研究王东风黄国文:关于功能语言学与翻译研究王东风黄国文:关于功能语言学与翻译研究王东风黄国文:关于功能语言学与翻译研究王东风 编《功能编《功能编《功能编《功能语言学与翻译研究》广州:中山大学出版社,语言学与翻译研究》广州:中山大学出版社,语言学与翻译研究》广州:中山大学出版社,语言学与翻译研究》广州:中山大学出版社,20062006200620066 6Outline1 Introduction: Two general approaches to 1 Introduction: Two general approaches to translation studiestranslation studies2 Functional Linguistics2 Functional Linguistics3 Functional Linguistics and translation studies3 Functional Linguistics and translation studies4 Hallidayan functionalism in translation studies 4 Hallidayan functionalism in translation studies (Catford, Hatim & Mason, Bell, Baker)(Catford, Hatim & Mason, Bell, Baker)5 SFL approach revisited (assumptions, functional 5 SFL approach revisited (assumptions, functional views of language, levels of analysis)views of language, levels of analysis)6 Illustration: “Jiang Xue”6 Illustration: “Jiang Xue”7 Summary7 Summary7 71 Introduction: Two approachesTwo approaches to translation studies:(1) Linguistics (formal vs functional)(2) LiteraryTranslation studies as a scienceTranslation as an artTranslation as a practice and translation studies as a inter-discipline or a multi-discipline8 82 Functional LinguisticsLinguistics:(1) Formal linguistics (e.g. generative linguistics)(2) Functional linguistics (including Systemic Functional Linguistics, Pragmatics, Cognitive Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, Sociolinguistics, etc.)9 92 Functional LinguisticsFunctionalism in linguistics(1) Prague School Linguistics (V. Mathesius, R. Jakobson, J. Firbas, N. Trubetzkoy)(2) London School Linguistics (J. Firth)(3) Copenhagen School (L. Hjelmslev) (4) French functionalism (A. Martinet )(5) Systemic Functional Linguistics (M. Halliday)10102 Functional Linguistics(6) Autonomist functionalism or generative functionalism (S. Kuno, E. Prince)(7) Functional grammar (S. Dik)(8) Text/Discourse grammar (van Dijk)(9) Mixed functionalism (S. Levinson)11112 Functional Linguistics(10) Typological functionalism (W. Croft)(11) Role and Reference Grammar (R.D. van Valin, W.A. Foley)(12) West Coast Functionalism (T. Givón, P. Hopper, S. Thompson)(13) Cognitive linguistics (R.W. Langacker)1212Note that different functional approaches are usually related in one way or another. E.g., Halliday was Firth's student and both were influenced by the Prague School. Both Halliday and Firth came from a European tradition influenced by de Saussure (esp Halliday) (as was the Prague School to some extent). What is clear is that there are influences rather than hierarchies involved here.13133 Functional Linguistics and translation studiesAs a practice, the history of translation is as old as that of the human society.In terms of theoretical approaches to translation studies, almost every linguistic theory/model has something to offer to the study of translation (as a theory or as a practice).Thus, one can say that there are more than 10 “functional linguistics” approaches to translation studies.14143 Functional Linguistics and translation studiesThere are a number of important functional There are a number of important functional approaches to translation studies. Below are approaches to translation studies. Below are three major ones:three major ones:(1) Hallidayan functionalism (M. Baker, B. (1) Hallidayan functionalism (M. Baker, B. Hatim, R. Bell, J. House)Hatim, R. Bell, J. House)(2) German functionalism (K. Reiss, H. (2) German functionalism (K. Reiss, H. Vermeer, C. Nord, J. Holz-Manttari)Vermeer, C. Nord, J. Holz-Manttari)(3) Pragmatics/Mixed functionalism (E-A. Gutt, (3) Pragmatics/Mixed functionalism (E-A. Gutt, L. Hickey)L. Hickey)15153 Functional Linguistics and translation studiesBasic assumptions:Viewing language as a means of communicationEmphasizing cognitive, socio-cultural, physiological factorsRegarding semantic, pragmatic, functional patterning as centralDoing analysis of texts and their contexts1616Translation is translating meaning!17174 Hallidayan functionalism in translation studiesBackground (neo-Firthian )Developments of Hallidayan linguistics: four stages(1) 1961--: Scale and Category Grammar(2) 1966--: Systemic Grammar(3) 1970--: Functional Grammar (Systemic Functional Grammar)(4) 1978--: Systemic Functional Linguistics1818Halliday develops his theory of language from the study of syntax. From “a theory of syntax” to “a theory of language”Scale and Category Grammar, Systemic Grammar, Functional Grammar, Systemic Functional Grammar, Systemic Functional Linguistics19194.1 Catford’s approachJ. C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics, 1965. (卡特福德《翻译的语言学理论》;穆雷译. 北京旅游出版社 1991)Notes: (1) Based on Scale and Category Grammar; (2) An Essay in Applied LinguisticsIn 1956, the University of Edinburgh established the first School of Applied Linguistics under the direction of J.C. Catford.2020《翻译的语言学理论》目录 (穆雷译)第一章:普通语言学理论第一章:普通语言学理论第二章:翻译的定义和基本类型第二章:翻译的定义和基本类型第三章:翻译等值第三章:翻译等值第四章:形式对应第四章:形式对应第五章:意义和完全翻译第五章:意义和完全翻译第六章:转移第六章:转移第七章:翻译等值的条件第七章:翻译等值的条件第八章:按音位学原理的翻译,或称音位翻译第八章:按音位学原理的翻译,或称音位翻译第九章:按字形学原理的翻译,或称字形翻译第九章:按字形学原理的翻译,或称字形翻译第十章:音译第十章:音译第十一章:语法翻译和词汇翻译第十一章:语法翻译和词汇翻译第十二章:翻译转换或翻译转位第十二章:翻译转换或翻译转位第十三章:翻译中的语言变体第十三章:翻译中的语言变体第十四章:可译性的限度第十四章:可译性的限度2121“早在1965年,J.C. Catford 就试图用M.A.K. Halliday (1956, 1961)的阶和范畴语法思想来建立一个基于语言学的翻译理论模式,他所说的诸如“语境”(Context)和“语境意义”(Contextual Meaning)这些概念都是源于Halliday及其老师、伦敦学派的奠基人J.R. Firth的语言学理论。
(黄国文 2004)2222“Catford(1965)以系统语言学为基础,提出了‘翻译对等论’他认为,翻译实践的中心问题是寻求等值成分:等值关系可以在 ‘层面’ (levels, 语法、词汇、语音、词形等) 和 ‘等级’ (ranks, 语法结构、句子、短语、词、词素等) 的任何一个交叉点上建立 (黄国文 2003)2323DefinitionTranslation: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). (Catford 1965)翻译是用另一种语言(译语)的等值的文本材料来替换一种语言(原语)的文本材料穆雷 译1990)2424“textual material”“textual material” (rather than “text”): it is not the entirety of a SL which is translatedReplacement: replacement of SL grammar and lexis by equivalent TL grammar and lexisReplacement of SL graphology by TL graphology – but the TL graphological form is by no means a translation equivalent of the SL graphological form2525“equivalent”“The central problem of translation practice is that of finding TL translation equivalents. A central task of translation theory is that of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence.”2626“transference”“at one or more levels there may be no replacement at all, but simple transference of SL material into the TL text.”In normal translation, the TL text has a TL meaning. The values of TL items are entirely those set up by formal and contextual relations in the TL itself.2727However, it is possible to carry out an operation in which the TL text, or part of the TL text, does have values set up in the SL (i.e. has SL meaning). Catford calls this process “transference”.2828In translation, there is substitution of TL meanings for SL meanings: not transference of SL meanings into the TL. In transference there is an implantation of SL meanings into the TL text. These two processes must be clearly differentiated in any theory of translation.2929“textual equivalence” vs “formal correspondence”“A textual equivalent is any TL text or portion of text which is observed on a particular occasion to be the equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text. ”3030“A formal correspondent, on the other hand, is any TL category (unit, class, structure, element of structure, etc.) which can be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the ‘same’ place in the ‘economy’ of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL.”3131穆雷穆雷. . 评卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》评卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》[J] [J] 《外语教学》《外语教学》1990 (2):371990 (2):37林克难林克难. . 重新认识卡特福德翻译理论重新认识卡特福德翻译理论 [J] [J] 《天津外国语学院学报》《天津外国语学院学报》 2001(1) 2001(1)刘文华刘文华 梁燕梁燕. .卡特福德翻译等值论中的翻译卡特福德翻译等值论中的翻译的转移及对语言教学的启示的转移及对语言教学的启示 [J] [J] 《鞍山师《鞍山师范学院学报》范学院学报》 2004(3) 2004(3)范祥涛范祥涛. . 从卡特福德到翻译规律的探讨从卡特福德到翻译规律的探讨 -- --兼论语料库翻译研究的意义兼论语料库翻译研究的意义[J] [J] 《外语研究《外语研究》》 2006 2006((2 2))孙乃荣孙乃荣 王秀娟王秀娟. .《语言学翻译理论》评介《语言学翻译理论》评介[J].[J].《安徽工业大学学报》《安徽工业大学学报》 2006 2006((6 6)) 32324.2 Approach by Hatim & Mason Hatim & Mason (1990) takes a functional discourse approachRegister analysisDiscourse structureTextureText typeContextIntertextuality and intentionality33334.3 Bell’s approachBell (1991) focuses on elements in communicationWhat?Why?When?How?Where?Who?34344.4 Baker’s approachBaker (1992) focuses on “equivalence”:Equivalence at word levelEquivalence above word levelGrammatical equivalenceTextual equivalencePragmatic equivalence 35355 SFL approach revisitedRevisiting the Systemic Functional Linguistics approach to translation studies36365.1 Basic assumptionsA translated text is different from the original text in terms of context of co-text, context of situation and context of culture.A functional linguistics approach to the analysis of a translated text is a functional linguistics study of the text and its context.37375.2 A functional view of languageLanguage as meaning-potentialLanguage as meaning-potential– –Choices of language are meaningful in relation to Choices of language are meaningful in relation to the system of choices available (the system of choices available (what could have what could have been said but was notbeen said but was not) )Language as metafunctionalLanguage as metafunctional– –IdeationalIdeational– –InterpersonalInterpersonal– –TextualTextualLanguage as multi-stratalLanguage as multi-stratal– –(Discourse) Semantics(Discourse) Semantics– –LexicogrammarLexicogrammar– –Phonology / GraphologyPhonology / Graphology3838 The traffic light system StopStop Slow down RED Slow down RED Go AMBER Go AMBER GREEN GREENMeaningMeaning (is realized by) (is realized by) FormForm3939Language as meaning-potentialHe is my father/dad. 父亲。
他是我 爸爸 老窦4040 Meaning as metafunctional–Ideational metafunction–Interpersonal metafunction–Textual metafunctionIdeational equivalenceInterpersonal equivalenceTextual equivalence4141Ideational equivalenceA. He is a teacher of English. (Relational process)B. He teaches English. (Material process)(1) 他是英语老师关系过程)(2) 他教授英语的物质过程)4242Interpersonal equivalence窈窕淑女,君子好逑《诗经》)A good young man is wooing a maiden fair he loves. (许渊冲 译,1992) The lad is keen to woo the lass, a very dream.(赵彦春 译,2002)A lad would like to woo a lass with pretty looks.(汪榕培 译,1997)4343Textual equivalenceThey arrived at the airport yesterday afternoon and were met by the mayor of Beijing there. (passive)(1)他们昨天下午到达机场,北京市市长到那里接见了他们。
主动语态)(2)他们昨天下午到达机场,便受到北京市市长的接见 (被动语态)44445.3 Levels of analysis (1) Ideology(2) Context of Culture: genre (schematic patterning)(3) Context of Situation: register (field, tenor, mode) (4) Context of co-text: language (Ideational, Interpersonal, Textual)4545 5.3 Levels of analysisMetafunction: Transitivity (process types: material, mental, relational, verbal, behavioral, existential), Ergativity, Voice; Speech role (offer, statement, command, question), Mood (declarative, indicative, interrogative), Modality (modalisation, modulation); 46465.3 Levels of analysisThematic structure, Information structure, Cohesion (reference, ellipsis, substitution, conjunction).Grammatical metaphor (ideational, interpersonal, textual)Groups and phrasesClauses47475.3 Levels of analysisClauses in combinationTypes of relations between clauses: logical dependency relations (dependence/ hypotaxis; equality/parataxis); logico-semantic relation: (a) expansion: elaboration, extension, enhancement, (b) projection: locution, idea)48486 Illustration: “Jiang Xue”IllustrationsIllustrations: : River Snow柳宗元《江雪》 49496. Illustration: “Jiang Xue” 江 雪 柳宗元 千山鸟飞绝, 万径人踪灭。
孤舟蓑笠翁, 独钓寒江雪50506. Illustration: “Jiang Xue” Text 1: River SnowA hundred mountains and no bird,A thousand paths without a footprint;A little boat, a bamboo cloak,An old man fishing in the cold river-snow. (Witter Bynner (Witter Bynner 译)译)51516. Illustration: “Jiang Xue” Text 2: The Snowbound River O’er mountains and mountains no bird is on the wing;On thousand lines of the pathways there’s no footprint.In a lone boat on the snowbound river, an old man,In palm-bark cape and straw hat, drops his angle string. ( (吴钧陶吴钧陶 译译) )52526. Illustration: “Jiang Xue” Text 3: River Snowfall Amidst all mountains, birds no longer fly;On all roads, no more travelers pass by.Straw hat and cloak, old man’s in boat, head low,Fishing alone on river cold with snow. ( (王大濂王大濂 译)译)53536. Illustration: “Jiang Xue”T1: Thing (nominal groups)T2 & T3: Situation (clauses)T1 & T2: State (relational, existential)T3: Event (material)54546. Illustration: “Jiang Xue”Text 1Ngp+ngp: A hundred mountains and no bird,Ngp: A thousand paths without a footprint;Ngp+ngp: A little boat, a bamboo cloak,Ngp: An old man fishing in the cold river-snow.5555Text 2Clause: Clause: relational relational process: process: O’er O’er mountains mountains and and mountains no bird is on the wing;mountains no bird is on the wing;Clause: Clause: existential existential process: process: On On thousand thousand lines lines of of the pathways there’s no footprint.the pathways there’s no footprint.Clause: Clause: material material process: process: In In a a lone lone boat boat on on the the snowbound snowbound river, river, an an old old man, man, / / In In palm-bark palm-bark cape and straw hat, drops his angle string.cape and straw hat, drops his angle string.5656Text 3Clause: material process: Amidst all mountains, birds no longer fly;Clause: material process: On all roads, no more travelers pass by.Clause: material process: Straw hat and cloak, old man’s in boat, head low, / Fishing alone on river cold with snow.57576. Illustration: SummaryText 1: static (Thing, nominal group)Text 2: static---dynamic (Situation, clause, relational/existential process)Text 3: dynamic (Situation, clause, material process)Source text (state) ---Target text (state/event)58587 Summary1 Two general approaches to translation studies2 Functional Linguistics and translation studies3 Hallidayan functionalism in translation studies4 SFL approach revisited5 Illustrations: “Jiang Xue”6 Evaluation of translated texts5959Translation is translating meaning!6060Thank you! 謝謝大家!6161。












