音标句子结构复习.doc

音标复习——元音音标【语言知识概要】I. 基本概念1. 开音节和闭音节 音节是单词中最小的语音单位，通常是由一个元音加上一个或几个辅音构成按元音字母在单词中的发音的不同，可把单词分为开音节和闭音节1） 开音节分为绝对开音节和相对开音节由一个元音字母结尾的音节是绝对开音节如：I，no，my等注：在辅音字母后面的y属元音字母以“一个元音字母加一个辅音字母（r除外）＋不发音的e”结尾的音节是相对开音节例如：name，rose，five，nine，grade，game，these，use等开音节中的元音字母一般发字母本身的音2）闭音节是一种以“一个元音字母＋一个或几个辅音字母（r除外）”结尾的音节例如：ten，not，it，am，thank等（3）单音节词在朗读时都要重读，双音节或多音节单词中也一般有一个重读音节，别的为弱读音节2. 英语国际音标简介：英语里共有48个音素，记录音素的符号叫做音标大多数音标的形式与英语印刷体小写字母相同，为避免混淆，音标放在[ ]内（有些书刊是计算机排版，采用了两条斜线“//”）英语的音标可分为两大类：元音音标和辅音音标II. 元音音标（20个）元音音素发音特点是：声带振动，气流不受阻碍，且发音时声音响亮或比较响亮。

根据英语字母的读音规则来记单词，如：五个元音字母在重读开音节中一般读字母本音，在重读闭音节中一般读相应短音，为了方便记忆，下表是以五个元音字母在不同情况下的发音，归纳出20个元音音标：字 母aeiou开音节eIi:aiəʊju:闭音节æeＩɒ∧r音节（元音字母后+r）arerirorurɑ:З:/ әЗ:Ɔ:З:组合音节（两个或三个元音字母一起发一个元音）eə / Iə / ʊə / ɔI / aʊ /u: /ʊ根据上表归纳，20个元音音标是（重复的和/ju:/除外）：单元音短元音[Ｉ][e][æ] [ɒ] [ә] [Λ] [ʊ] 长元音[i:] [ɑ:] [Ɔ:] [u:] [З:]双元音[eI] [ai] [ɔI] [Iə] [eə][ ʊə][ əʊ][ aʊ]【语言技能引领】I.按要求完成下列各题朗读下列各组单词和句子并说出其中规律tape—tap，made—mad，fate—fat; me—met, be—bed，she—shed；site—sit, bite—bit, kite—kit；note—not, hope—hop, probe—rob； huge—hug，mute—mud, tube—but熟记下列元音字母组合及例词。

ar [ɑ:] party, car, star er [З:, ә] her, prefer; teacher, worker ir [З:] bird, girl, skirt or [Ɔ:, ә] sport, horse; worm, visitor ur [З:] turn, returnai, ay [eI] wait, raise, stay, away al [Ɔ:, Ɔ:l ] talk, walk; salt air, are [eə] chair, stair, care, dareea [i:, e, eI ], teach, speak; bread dead; great, break ee [i: ] feel, beef ear, ere, eir [Iә, eə] hear, here; theirigh [ai ] light, right, flight, brighting [Iŋ] speaking, singingoa [əʊ] coat; boat oo[u:, ʊ ] room, moon; book; goodou[aʊ, ∧] house, blouse; young, countryow [əʊ, aʊ] yellow, borrow; how; cow oi, oy[ɔI] noise, voice, toy, enjoy音标复习——辅音音标【语言知识概要】I. 基本概念辅音音素分为清辅音和浊辅音，发音时声带不震动的为清辅音，声带震动的为浊辅音。

辅音音素发音特点是：气流通过口腔时受到发音器官中舌、唇、齿或咽喉等的阻碍II. 辅音音标（28个）为方便记忆，现把辅音音标分三组进行归纳：1．按字母顺序（17个）： [b d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w z]；2．按形似（8个）： [ ʃ ʧ ʒ ʤ]； [tr dr ts dz]；3．其他（3个）： [θ, ð, ŋ]完整归纳28个辅音音标，它们是：清辅音[p] [t] [k] [f] [θ] [s] [∫] [t∫] [tr] [ts] [h]浊辅音[b] [d] [g] [v] [ð] [z] [ʒ] [ʤ] [dr] [dz] [r] [m] [n] [ŋ] [l] [j] [w]【语言技能引领】按要求完成下列各题朗读并熟记下列辅音字母组合及例词ch [ʧ, k，ʃ] China, chair; chemistry, school; machine gh [x, f ] through, though; enough ph [f ] physics, photo sh [ʃ ] sheep, brush th [θ, ð ] think, month; these, brother wh [w, h ] what, where; who, whose句子成分句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。

句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语1. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）2. 谓语：在英语中，谓语只能够用动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。

动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后谓语的构成如下： (1) 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成如：He practices running every morning. (2) 复合谓语：①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. ② 由系动词加表语构成如：We are students.3. 表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词）4. 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词或介词后面。

例如： They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.5. 宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。

带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补）宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）6. 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语定语可由以下词性表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） 。