高考英语专题阅读理解之主旨大意课件.ppt

Reading Comprehension------How to get the main idea? 2.阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类与方法阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类与方法主旨题主旨题2.标题类标题类 (topic 或或title型型)1.文章文章/段落主旨段落主旨(main idea型型)3.写作意图类写作意图类(purpose型型) 解题解题方法方法一：一：找主题句找主题句 开头、中间、结尾开头、中间、结尾三三:   抓线索抓线索所叙述的所叙述的事实事实或提供的或提供的线索线索二二: 找找高频词高频词反复出现的中心词反复出现的中心词四：找关联词四：找关联词but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary 3. Question forms:1.主题类主题类（（1).The main idea of the passage is ________.2). The passage is mainly about ___________. ((3). What is the passage mainly about? (4). Which of the following statement can best summarize/ sum up the main idea of the passage? (5). What’s the main point/main idea/central thought of the passage?Question forms:2.标题类标题类 （（1).The best title/headline for this passage might be______. (2).The text (Passage) could be entitled __________. (3).What is the best title for the passage? (4).Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?3.作者意图类作者意图类 (1).The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is ___.(2).The passage is meant to __________.(3).The purpose of this article is _______.(4). The author’s purpose is to show _______.概括性、针对性、醒目性的有机结合概括性、针对性、醒目性的有机结合 1.Main idea (1.Main idea (主要内容主要内容) )型型  文章的主题句或者说文章的主题句或者说“文眼文眼”是贯穿全文的灵魂，是贯穿全文的灵魂，找到了找到了主题句主题句，就找到了解题的思路。

就找到了解题的思路1)主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中开头、中间、结尾间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键  (2)找找主题句的小窍门主题句的小窍门   1) 首段出现首段出现疑问句疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨；主旨；首首段出现段出现具体例子或假设具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的时，例子或假设后面的内容往往就是主旨内容往往就是主旨 2) 作者有意识地作者有意识地反复重复的观点反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词；现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词； 3) 段落中出现表转折的词语（段落中出现表转折的词语（如如however, thus, in fact, actually等）等）时，该句很可能是主题句；时，该句很可能是主题句；     例题一例题一       Widespread media coverage has been given to a new pill to prevent heart disease and stroke. The Sun said the pill, called Ateronon, “could save thousands of lives”. The Daily Telegraph said that the new product contains a natural thing found in tomatoes that is a powerful antioxidant. The newspaper said the pill can prevent the bulid-up of fat. What is the main idea of the passage? A. How we can prevent heart disease. B. A new pill gets much media attention. C. The build-up of fat is harmful. D. A natural thing was found in tomatoes.开开门见山门见山,提出主题提出主题,随之用细节来解释随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。

句所表达的主题思想例题二例题二：….two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining,… Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones. The passage is mainly about _____. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the construction of two tunnels D.the design of two tunnels 2. (2. (topic 或或title型型)文文章标题型章标题型特点是：短小精悍特点是：短小精悍;涵盖性强，；精确性强涵盖性强，；精确性强 1. 概括性原则概括性原则  要求覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主旨。

要防止本末倒置，主次不分，以点代面，以偏概全2. 针对性原则针对性原则  针对性原则要求标题不能太过于概括，而是要直接指向文章的主旨即标题不能太大也不能太小要量体裁衣，大小适度3. 醒目性原则醒目性原则  标题往往比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，目的是为了吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者对文章阅读的兴趣推敲选项正误的小窍门：推敲选项正误的小窍门：•1) 正确选项不出现细节信息•2) 正确选项一般不含过分肯定或者绝对过分肯定或者绝对意义的词•3) 正确选项一般有抽象名词或概括性词语•4) 四个选项中，内容完全相反内容完全相反的两个选项中，往往有一个是正确选项•5) 干扰项特点：①①概括不够概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；小）；②②过度概括过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；（多表现为人为扩大范围）；③③以以事实、细节替代抽象概括的大意事实、细节替代抽象概括的大意 【2013安徽E】[1]Argentina in the late nineteenth century was an exciting place. Around 1870…the dance known an the tango(探戈舞探戈舞)came into being[2]At the beginning the tango was a dance of the lower classes...Gradually, the dance spread into the upper classes of Argentinean society and became more respectable.[3]In Europe at this time, strong interest in dance from around the world was beginning…the dance did find enough supporters to make it popular.[4]The popularity（流行）（流行）Of the tango continued to grow in many other parts of the world…75. What can be the best title for the text?A.How to Dance the Tango B.The History of the TangoC. How to Promote the Tango D. The Modern Tango Boom        If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only ＄79. Two days sale. Hu-   -rry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs ＄395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. (2分钟)   The paragraph could be entitled _________.   A. Buying A TV Set   B. A Selling Method   C. Buyer Beware   D. TV On Sale This sales method is called “bait and switch”.(detail)(detail)(detail)诱售法诱售法   这类题的题干中常有purpose，或者后面接有目的的动词不定式，如：intend to, meant to, （in order） to。

我们可以根据文章的主旨和体裁来判断作者的写作目的，因此，文章的首尾段或每段的首尾是阅读的重点，作者的写作意图往往就隐含在其中3. (purpose型型)写作目的型写作目的型To introduce sthTo sell a product or serviceTo arract readers’ attentionTo attract readers to pay fora trip to some attractionpurposeTo call on…To resist sthTo amuse readersTo argue against … and support one’s own idea写作目的对应的文章如下写作目的对应的文章如下to inform readers新闻报道类、科普类、文化类或社会类的新闻报道类、科普类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及文章，以及劝告性或建议性劝告性或建议性的文章写作目的型写作目的型【2013重庆卷E】[1]It is widely known that any English conversation begins with The Weather…[2]Bill Bryson, for example, concludes that, as the English weather is not at all exciting, the obsession with it can hardly be understood. He argues that “To an outsider, the most striking thing about the English weather is that there is not very much of it.”…[3]Jeremy Paxman, however, disagrees with Bryson…[4]Bryson and Paxman stand for common misconceptions about the weather-speak among the English. … The English weather conversation is not really about the weather at all. English weather-speak is a system of signs, …Rather, they are routine greetings, conversation starters or the blank “fillers”, In other words, English weather-speak is a means of social bonding.75. The author’s purpose is to show _______. A. To explain what English weather-speak is about.B. To analyze misconceptions about the English weather.C. To find fault with both Bill Bryson and Jeremy Paxman.D. To convince that the English weather is changeable.How should one invest a sum of money in these days of inflation(通货膨胀)? …Here I am going to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks, which I personally consider are among the most interesting of antiques. Indeed, students of antique should spend as much time as possible visiting palaces, stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clocks from the past. Antique clocks could be very expensive, but one of the joys of collecting clocks is that it is still possible to find quite cheap ones for your own home. After all, if you are going to be ruled by time, why not invest in air antique clock and perhaps make a future profit?( ) The purpose of the passage is _____________.A. to introduce the culture of antique clocks.B. to offer some advice on collecting antique clocksC. to compare different ways to make a future profitD. to explain convenient and reliable ways of telling time知识总结：阅读理解主旨阅读理解主旨大意的提炼大意的提炼快速找到快速找到文章的主文章的主题句题句巧妙选择巧妙选择文章的标文章的标题题 1.开头、中间、开头、中间、结尾含有主题句结尾含有主题句2.首段出现首段出现疑问句疑问句/具体例子具体例子或假设或假设后面的内容往往就是主旨后面的内容往往就是主旨3.反复重复的观点反复重复的观点/词词4.转折的词语（转折的词语（如如however, thus, in fact, actually等）等）时，时，该句很可能是主题句该句很可能是主题句1. 概括性原则概括性原则2. 针对性原则针对性原则3. 醒目性原则醒目性原则Put yourself in the writer’s shoes!设身处地站在作者的角度上设身处地站在作者的角度上。