无机非金属材料工程专业英语第1章.ppt

Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Chapter1 IntroductionlLearning Objectives 2l1.1 Historical Perspective 2l1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 2l1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 4l1.4 Classification of Materials 5l1.5 Advanced Materials 6l1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs 6Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 汉语翻译成英文l材料科学l材料工程l金属材料l非金属材料l陶瓷材料l高分子材料l复合材料l生物材料l半导体材料l先进材料Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Words and phraseslDeep-seated: close/intimate 紧密的lVirtually: practically/in fact/nearly/as good as/in effect/in essence实际上地lEvery segment of our everyday lives:日常生活的每个方面lSegment: section/division/part/piece部分、片 lManipulate: control/employ控制、使用Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lDesignate: define/denote/label/ name 标记、命名lAccess to): approach 途径lPottery: pots/dishes or other items made from clay and fired in a kiln (oven) 陶器lAlter: change 改变lUtilization: application /use 应用、 用途lEmpower: control 驾驭、控制Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Words and phraseslCharacteristic: peculiarity, feature/trait/attribute/property特质lEvolve: produce 生产lComplex: sophisticated 复杂的lContemporary：Someone who lived or was in a particular place at the same time as someone else. Modern/belonging to the present time 同时代的lNebulous: vague. An idea that is nebulous is not at all clear or exact. 模棱两可的Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lRelated to: be concerned with 相关的lEncompass：to completely cover or surround sth.覆盖或环绕lRealm：territroy/monarchy/ zone/domain/region /kingdom/area/branch 区域lAgglomerate：melt 团聚、成块-volcanic rock consisting of large fragments fused togetherFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering VocabularyContemporary 当代当代Stimulus 激励，刺激激励，刺激Opaque 不透明不透明 Translucent 半透明半透明Transparent 透明透明Deep-seated 根深蒂固的，深层的根深蒂固的，深层的Existence 存在存在, 实在实在, 生活生活, 存在物存在物, 实在物实在物Sophisticated 复杂的复杂的Forerunner 先驱先驱(者者), 传令官传令官, 预兆预兆Intimately 密切地密切地Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lElaboration Elaboration 解释，阐述解释，阐述lStepwiseStepwise楼梯式的楼梯式的, , 逐步的逐步的lRecreation Recreation 消遣消遣, , 娱乐娱乐lsegmentsegment段段, , 节节, , 片断片断lDeteriorative Deteriorative 恶化，变质，恶化，变质， Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lEvoke 引起，唤起引起，唤起lInterdisciplinary 交叉学科交叉学科lMetallurgy 冶金冶金lNebulous 模糊的，云雾状的模糊的，云雾状的lAgglomerate 团聚，大块团聚，大块lDielectric current 介电常数介电常数lThermal conductivity 热传导热传导Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lHeat capacity 热容热容lRefraction 折射，衍射折射，衍射lDuctility 延展性延展性lOverriding 最重要的最重要的lProhibitive 抑制抑制lJudicious 明智的明智的lcriterion 准则准则Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 1.1 Historical perspective (观察，透视观察，透视)• Materials are probably more deep-seated (根根深蒂固的深蒂固的, 深层的深层的) in our culture than most of us realize. •Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation（娱乐）, and food production—virtually（事实上） every segment （方面）of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another（不同程度地） by materials. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lHistorically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately（密切地） tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate （使用）materials to fill their needs. lIn fact, early civilizations have been designated（命名） by the level of their materials development (i.e., Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Stone ageiron ageSteel ageAdvanced materials agebronze ageFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering l The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay（粘土）, skins, and so on. lWith time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery （陶器） and various metals. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lFurthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered （改变）by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. lAt this point, materials utilization（利用） was totally a selection process, that is, deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one that was best suited for an application by virtue of （凭借）its characteristics（特性）.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering It was not until relatively recent times that scientist came to understand the relationship between structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired in the past 60 years or so, has empowered （使能够） them to fashion(shape ), to a large degree（非常）, the characteristics of materials. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lThus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved （出现）with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society. lThese include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering The ugly bowl and the beautiful cup are different in appearance, but do you know the bowl is the ancestor of the cup if trace back to 7000 years ago?porcelainceramicsFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering l The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility (途径) of suitable materials. lAn advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner（先驱）（先驱） to the stepwise （逐步的） progression of a technology. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lFor example, automobiles would not have been possible without the availability （利用）of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. lIn our contemporary (同时代的) era, sophisticated （复杂的）electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semi-conducting （半导体的） materials.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Materials scientists and engineers seek （（try, investigate寻求）寻求）to understand and control the basic structure of materials in order to make the products stronger, lighter, brighter, safer, faster and better suited (adapt, fit )to (适合适合) human needs. Every part in your car and every piece of your computer are carefully selected to optimize (优化优化) performance and cost effectiveness.3.Task for Materials scientists and engineersFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 4.Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) discipline The discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined (预定的) set of properties. Throughout this text we draw attention to the relationships between material properties and structural elements.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering l‘‘Structure’’ is at this point a nebulous（模糊的） term that deserves some explanation. lIn brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. lSubatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei(原子核). lOn an atomic level, structure encompasses (包含) the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lThe next larger structural realm (区域), which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated (团聚) together, is termed ‘‘microscopic,’’ meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope.l Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed ‘‘macroscopic.’’Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lThe notion of ‘‘property’’ deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli （刺激）（刺激） that evoke（唤起）（唤起） some type of response. lFor example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait（特性） in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed （施加的）stimulus （刺激）（刺激）. lGenerally, definitions of properties are made independent of （与无关）material shape and size.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lVirtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. lFor each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking (evoke) different responses. lMechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus (弹性模量) and strength.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering l For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity （电导率）and dielectric constant（介电场数）, the stimulus is an electric field（电场）.lThe thermal（热的） behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity （热容） and thermal conductivity（热导率）. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lMagnetic（（磁性的） properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field （磁场）.lFor optical（（光学的） properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic （电磁的）or light radiation（光辐射）; index of refraction（折射） and reflectivity （反射）are representative optical properties. lFinally, deteriorative（腐败的） characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity（化学反应） of materials. The chapters that follow discuss properties that fall within each of these six classifications.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz (namely, that is). ‘‘processing’’ (加工) and ‘‘performance（性能）.’’ With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material’s performance will be a function of its properties. Thus, the interrelationship between processing, structure, properties, and performance is linear, as depicted in the schematic illustration shown in Figure 1.1. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lThroughout this text we draw attention to the relationships among these four components in terms of the design, production, and utilization of materials.lMaterials Science and Engineering (MSE) is the discipline(学科) devoted to (专心于) helping human beings use materials more effectively(有力的) and efficiently (有效的). lThe story of materials is an ancient one that began with humanity learning to shape（成形）（成形） rock and work metal. From the prehistoric beginning, the story of human advances in materials continues to unfold (展开).Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering For example, the development of steels permitted the building of skyscrapers and suspension bridges; advances in silicon based technology provided the foundation for electronics and computers,New biomaterials have resulted in medical breakthroughs that save and improve lives. Materials scientists and engineers focus on the manipulation of atomic scale structure to change materials propertiesFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering This focus has pushed our discipline to the forefront（最（最前沿）前沿） of developing and applying new tools to observe and manipulate matter at the smallest scales. These advances continue to play an important part in the emergence of fields such as nanotechnology at the beginning of the 21st century. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 5 The future of humanity depends on our wise use of materialsMost of the technological innovations that we associate with contemporary（现代）（现代） life have involved some major advance in materials processing or application. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Automobiles, satellites, televisions, computers and DVD players all would not be possible without advances in polymers, ceramics, metals and semiconductors. New advances are being pioneered in our laboratories. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering pThe direct threat of global warming and dwindling(缩缩小小)fossil fuel resources have made the efficient use of energy a priority(优先优先). pMSE faculty and students work actively to make light-weight engine components out of aluminum and magnesium in order to boost(促促 进进 ,增增 强强 ) fuel efficiency. pThey also pioneer improved high-temperature materials that are important for efficient jet engines and electricity generation. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering ØTo restore hearing to deaf people and sight to blind people prosthetic devices must make contact between the brain and a microphone or camera. ØMSE faculty and students work to find ways to Interface（（ 界面）界面）silicon technology to neural tissue（神经组织）（神经组织）. ØThis requires the development of coatings that are biocompatible (生物相容的生物相容的) and electrically conducting.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering ØMoore's law states that the number of transistors（（晶晶体体管管）） on the latest computer chip doubles approximately every 18 months. ØThis translates into more memory and faster, cheaper computers. ØBut there is a limit to the density of transistors that can be placed on a computer chip using current technology. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering MSE faculty and students develop methods to spontaneously（自发）（自发）generate structures a few tens to hundreds of atoms across to form the basis for quantum （量子）（量子）computers. These next generation computers will exploit the physics of quantum confinement （量子陷阱）（量子陷阱） that dominate at that tiny scale. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering ØMaking components out of new materials often involves an extensive cycle of design, creation, testing and redesign. This process is costly and time consuming. ØMSE faculty and students develop computer simulation techniques to predict material behavior such as resistance to failure, stability, and high temperature formability. ØThese computing advances speed the way toward the introduction of new materials in a safe and cost-effective manner. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Building on a solid foundation and bridging many fieldsFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Course work in the MSE department emphasizes the relationship between how a material is processed, its structure and the resulting properties and is built on a firm grounding in physics and chemistry. Hands-on learning and access to sophisticated instrumentation allow students to gain valuable experience in characterizing materials structure and properties.（（you can be a police using SEM or TEM）） Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Because materials enable new products and technologies, it is nearly impossible to find an engineering discipline that does not interface in some way with Materials Science and Engineering. This is especially true for mechanical, aerospace, electrical, chemical and biomedical engineering where dual majors are often pursued. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 1.2 Materials science and engineering1. Terms of definition Materials Science: investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.Materials Engineering: on the basis of structure – property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Structure: A nebulous(模糊）模糊） term; In brief, the arrangement of its internal componentsSubatomic structure---involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nucleiAt atomic level---structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another.microscopic (显微显微)—a large group of atoms agglomerated together.Macroscopic (宏观宏观)– where the structure elements might be viewed by naked eye. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering property: 1.a material trait (特性特性) in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus。

Examples:A loaded steel bar will be deformedA heated plastic plate will be softened A polished metal surface will reflect lightFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 1.Mechanical2.electrical 3.thermal 4. Magnetic 5.optical 6.deteriorative(变质，化学变质，化学) a elastic modulusb. index of refractionc. strengthd. reflectivitye. thermal conductivityf. heat capacityg. electrical conductivityh. plasticityI. electromagneticj. light radiationk.chemical reactivityl.Dielectric constantVirtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different property:Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering In addition to structure and properties, processing and performance are another two important components for MSE. Four components that are involved in the design, production and utilization of materialsprocessing→ structure →properties→ performanceFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Three thin aluminum disk specimens placed over printed matter, from left to right they are transparent, translucent and opaque, why? Because they are processed differently , then have different structure; different structure leads to different properties and if they are put into use, the performance must be different too.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 1.3 Why study Materials science and engineering? Many an applied scientist or engineer will at one time or another，whether mechanical, civil (土木), chemical, or electrical, be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear (传动齿轮), the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery (炼油厂) component, or an integrated circuit chip (集成电路板). Of course, materials scientists and engineers are such specialist who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials. For them try to selection proper materials to fulfill specific purpose is not easy. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Three criteria that are important in the materials selection purpose:1. In-service conditions must be characterized2. Any deterioration of material properties that may be occur during service operation3. Overriding(最重要最重要) consideration is that of economicsFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 1.4 Classification(分类分类) of materialsSolid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lIn addition, there are three other groups of important engineering materials— composites, semiconductors, and biomaterials.lComposites consist of combinations of two or more different materials, whereas semiconductors are utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics; biomaterials are implanted into the human body.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Metals: lustrous(有光泽）appearance, good conductors of electricity and heat, not transparent to visible light.Ceramics: compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements, insulative (绝缘的) to the passage of electricity and heat, including clay(陶土), cement(水泥) and glass.Polymers: organic compounds, large molecular structures, low densities and may be extremely flexibleFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lComposites: consist of more than one material type and usually have better properties than its components in some aspect.lSemiconductors: have electrical properties that are intermediate (中间的) between the electrical conductors and insulators.lBiomaterials: implanted (植入植入) into the human body and must not be toxic (毒性的毒性的) and must be compatible (相容相容的的).Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering ØSolar energy change to electricityØElevated temperature materials: space flight, rocketØEnvironmental quality: magnesium alloy1.5 Advanced materials。