第三章--翻译的过程(共7页).doc

精选优质文档-----倾情为你奉上第三章 翻译的过程翻译的三步骤 1. 阅读并分析原文 2. 将原文转换成译入语 3. 对译文进行修改• 即： 理解 表达• 理解—可以从四个角度对原文进行分析 语法结构分析（grammatical analysis) 语义分析（ semantic analysis ） 语境分析（ analysis of the context) 语用分析（ pragmatic analysis ）• 表达—译文需在四个层次上对原文负责 文本层次（ textual level） 所指层次（referential level） 粘着层次（cohesive level） 自然层次（level of naturalness） • 一﹑理解－阅读并分析原文• at microlevel. 美国语言教学家Wilga M. Rivers 说过理解中要掌握三个层次的意义，即词语意义、语法或结构意义以及社会和文化意义（the three levels of meaning: lexical meaning, structural or grammatical meaning, and social-cultural meaning）。

• 1.语法结构阐释原文的意图a. Police Shoot Rioting Blacks b. Rioting Blacks Shot by Police c. Rioting Blacks Shot • 结构形式对意义的表达所起的作用 40-LOVE Roger McGough• Middle aged• couple playing • ten- nis • when the • game ends • and they • go home • the net • will still • be be- • tween them • 2.语义分析（ semantic analysis ） • 即说明处在一定语境中，按照一定次序排列的词项或句项之间的语义关系，探索词项、句项的意义 “ 我们所翻译的不是某些言词，而是看不见、听不到的东西，即意义本身 ” （ William Hans of The Theory of Translation ） • 首先分析词的概念意义（conceptual meaning）和关联意义（associative meaning） seat oneself in a wooden chair accept a university chair chair the board meeting • 其次把握意义关系，注意同反义、褒贬义、多歧义关系。

如： George made great progress at school. Let us be great friends He has the reputation of being a blood-sucker. She has made a reputation for herself through hard work. • 再次文化特征、历史演变、社会发展、科技进步对语言影响 如： “Greek and Latin are all English to me.” said Oscar Wilde. (It is Greek to me.) 小犬将于下月结婚 • 第四，了解语言的随意性和约定俗成性 例如： 1) milk the cow 2) milk the bull 3) sleeping beauty 4) sleeping spy 5) You said that it is out of question , but it seems to me that it is out of the question. • 第五，注意词语的搭配关系、逻辑关系和上下文关系。

例如： 1) He wrote his 12 th novel at the ripe age of 85. 2) A： “Well, old boy,” said the visitor, “it's nice to see you up and about.” B ：“Up, yes,” the patient said, “but about, no, at least not much”. • 3.语境分析（ analysis of the context) 语境包含：语言内部的上下文关系；话语与经验世界的关系 • （一）上下文分析（ contextual analysis/ linguistic context ） : • 首先，一个词与周围词的关系例如： Today a politician without elbows is as lost as a politician without principles. • 其次，短语是否是语义整体• 再次，一个句子是否是一个独立的语义单位例如： The face is the index of the mind. Far from eye, far from heart. • （二）语言与经验世界的关系（ non-linguistic context ） • 所谓非语言环境，指话语及其组成部分与文化和自然环境的相互关系。

例如： Did he receive a warm welcome from the first lady of the house? • 首先，话语发生时环境例如： It's freezing cold here. • 其次，身体语言（ body language ）例如： “You think we can”—he glanced at the couple ahead of them--“like them—you and I?” She shook her head. • 4.语用分析（ pragmatic analysis ） • 语用分析即通过对语言的交际意义的综合分析，了解和确定说话人和话语间的关系，常常表现为说话人的感情、态度、情绪、意念等 • （一） 讲话者的情感参与 （1 ）请求 :Would you mind lending me 10 yuan? （2 ）许诺 :I shall return the book tomorrow. （3 ）警告 :Say that again and I'll part with you once and for all. （4 ）褒贬：You are stubborn. He is pig-headed. I am strong-willed. • （二）准确表达说话人的意图 • 1.确认 but, even, and, before 等词的语用意义。

如： • Even Max fell into love with her. • And you talked to him this way after all he'd done for you. • It will be a couple of years before we meet again. • 2.确认潜台词如： • “A down-to-earth man would have succeeded.” father scolded me. • at macrolevel德国译学教授Wolfram Wilss说：• Translating requires the syntactic, semantic, stylistic and text-pragmatic comprehen­sion by the translator of the original texts.（翻译过程要求译者在句法、语义、文体和语篇语用各方面对原文进行理解Macrocomprehension of the SLT comprises a good understanding of: • the text type Narrative Descriptive Expositive Argumentative • the background or setting• the writing style Some writers write in an elegant or graceful style. Others write in an ornate style. Still others write in a straightforward style, and so on and so forth. Lao She’s(老舍) writings show a cordial and humorous style. Winston Churchill’s famous speeches exhibit a vigorous and sprightly style. Ernest Hemingway’s novels demonstrate a simple and symbolic style. Charles Lamb’s essays are written in his humorous and inimitable style. WilliamHazlitt’s essays are characterized by a lucid and forceful prose style. • the topic category• the theme• the writer’s intention or purpose• the communication addressees• 二.表达—将原文转换成译入语 如何忠实地表达原文的意思，按照英国翻译理论家纽马克（ Newmark) 的观点，在表达的过程中，译者必须在四个层次上对原文和译文负责，即：文本层次（ textual level ）；所指层次（ referential level ）；粘着层次（ cohesive level ）和自然层次（ level of naturalness ） • 1.文本层次（ textual level ） • 文本层次指原文的字面意义。

译者对原文负责，就是对原文的字面意义负责例如： 1) You flatter me. 原译： 你拍我马屁改译：你过奖了 2) He is lying on his back. 3) Beer is the tipple of 。