Python面向对象编程实战图书管理系统.docx

Python面向对象编程实战图书管理系统​1.面向对象编程（OOP）基础面向对象编程是一种编程范式，它通过使用“对象”来组织代码，使程序更加模块化、易于维护和扩展在Python中，OOP通过类和对象来实现· 类（Class）：是创建对象的蓝图或模板· 对象（Object）：是类的实例，具有属性和方法示例：class Dog: def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name # 属性 self.age = age # 属性 def bark(self): print(f"{self.name} is barking!") # 方法# 创建Dog类的对象my_dog = Dog("Buddy", 5)my_dog.bark() # 输出: Buddy is barking!2. 封装（Encapsulation）封装是面向对象编程的三大特性之一，它指的是将对象的状态（属性）和行为（方法）结合在一起，并对外界隐藏对象的内部实现细节示例：class Person: def __init__(self, name, age): self.__name = name # 私有属性 self.__age = age # 私有属性 def get_name(self): return self.__name def set_name(self, name): self.__name = name def get_age(self): return self.__age def set_age(self, age): if age > 0: self.__age = age else: print("Age must be positive!")# 创建Person类的对象person = Person("Alice", 30)print(person.get_name()) # 输出: Aliceperson.set_age(-5) # 输出: Age must be positive!print(person.get_age()) # 输出: 303. 继承（Inheritance）继承允许我们创建一个类（子类）继承另一个类（父类）的属性和方法。

这有助于代码复用，并促进层次结构的设计示例：class Animal: def __init__(self, name): self.name = name def speak(self): raise NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement abstract method")class Dog(Animal): def speak(self): return f"{self.name} says Woof!"class Cat(Animal): def speak(self): return f"{self.name} says Meow!"# 创建Dog和Cat类的对象dog = Dog("Rex")cat = Cat("Whiskers")print(dog.speak()) # 输出: Rex says Woof!print(cat.speak()) # 输出: Whiskers says Meow!4. 多态（Polymorphism）多态允许我们将父类类型的引用指向子类对象，从而实现接口的重用。

在Python中，多态是天然支持的，因为Python是动态类型语言示例：def animal_speak(animal): print(animal.speak())# 创建Dog和Cat类的对象dog = Dog("Rex")cat = Cat("Whiskers")animal_speak(dog) # 输出: Rex says Woof!animal_speak(cat) # 输出: Whiskers says Meow!5. 高级概念：抽象基类（ABC）抽象基类（Abstract Base Class，ABC）提供了一种定义接口的方式，确保子类实现了特定方法示例：from abc import ABC, abstractmethodclass Shape(ABC): @abstractmethod def area(self): passclass Rectangle(Shape): def __init__(self, width, height): self.width = width self.height = height def area(self): return self.width * self.heightclass Circle(Shape): def __init__(self, radius): self.radius = radius def area(self): import math return math.pi * self.radius ** 2# 创建Rectangle和Circle类的对象rect = Rectangle(4, 5)circle = Circle(3)print(rect.area()) # 输出: 20print(circle.area()) # 输出: 28.2743338823081386. 实战案例：图书管理系统假设我们要设计一个图书管理系统，包括图书（Book）和图书馆（Library）两个类。

图书类有书名、作者和ISBN号等属性，图书馆类则管理图书的借出和归还代码实现：from datetime import datetimeclass Book: def __init__(self, title, author, isbn): self.title = title self.author = author self.isbn = isbn self.is_borrowed = False def borrow(self): if not self.is_borrowed: self.is_borrowed = True print(f"{self.title} has been borrowed.") self.borrow_date = datetime.now() else: print(f"{self.title} is already borrowed.") def return_book(self): if self.is_borrowed: self.is_borrowed = False print(f"{self.title} has been returned.") self.return_date = datetime.now() else: print(f"{self.title} is not borrowed.")class Library: def __init__(self): self.books = [] def add_book(self, book): self.books.append(book) def borrow_book(self, title): for book in self.books: if book.title == title and not book.is_borrowed: book.borrow() return True print(f"Book '{title}' not found or already borrowed.") return False def return_book(self, title): for book in self.books: if book.title == title and book.is_borrowed: book.return_book() return True print(f"Book '{title}' not found or not borrowed.") return False# 创建图书和图书馆对象book1 = Book("Python Programming", "Alice Johnson", "1234567890")book2 = Book("Data Science with Python", "Bob Smith", "0987654321")library = Library()library.add_book(book1)library.add_book(book2)# 借书和还书操作library.borrow_book("Python Programming")library.borrow_book("Data Science with Python")library.return_book("Python Programming")输出：Python Programming has been borrowed.Data Science with Python has been borrowed.Python Programming has been returned.分析：在这个图书管理系统中，我们定义了Book类和Library类。

Book类具有书名、作者、ISBN号和借出状态等属性，以及借书和还书的方法Library类管理多个Book对象，并提供添加图书、借书和还书的功能这种设计使得系统非常灵活和可扩展，例如，我们可以轻松地添加新的图书类型或新的管理方法总结本文详细介绍了Python面向对象编程的精髓，包括类与对象、封装、继承、多态以及抽象基类等核心概念通过逐步引导和实践示例，我们展示了如何。