英语写作summarywriting.ppt

Section TwoSection TwoObjectivesAfter Studying the unit, the students should be able to:ØWrite a summarySummary WritingⅠ. DefinitionwA summary is a brief restatement of essential thought of a longer composition.brief: ★★ a summary can’t cover everything and must be shorter than original writing; ★★ usually it includes the thesis and the main supporting points.restatement: ★★ it reproduces faithfully the theme of the original in our own words;★★ one should not interpret or comment;★★ All one has to do is to give the gist of the author’s exact and essential meaning. Essential:★★ it gives the main information about a piece of writing or speech;★★usually it includes the thesis and the main supporting points.Ⅱ Characteristics of a Summary1.Length A summary should usually be about one-fourth to one-third as long as the original passage. ★You may use fewer words than the number prescribed, but in no case may you exceed the limit.2.Point of View Use the third person point of view3.Tone : objective and impersonal Don’t express our own ideas, but faithfully represents the ideas of the original writing.4.Cover all the main information Your reader need no reference to the original to understand what its main ideas are.5. Follow the logical order of the original passage, if possible (and desirable). Ideas and facts need not be rearranged.6.Use complete sentences7. Use our own words Use different words with the original one. Don’t copy the language.8.Use quotation if you cite some important words of the original article9. Use present tense to report the general ideas and use past tense to refer to past experiences. 10.Summary writing is an exercise in compression. In writing a summary, we should:--- omit the details.--- reduce the examples.--- simplify the descriptions.--- eliminate all repetitions.10.(continuing)--- compress wordy sentences and change phrases to words.e.g. His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like. → He was very brave in battle.e.g. They acted in a manner that rendered them liable to prosecution. → They acted illegally.10.(continuing)--- Use general words instead of specific wordse.g. She brought home several Chinese and English novels, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation. → She brought home a lot of books to read during the vacation.10.(continuing)--- Use the shortest possible transitions.e.g. But, then, thus, yet, and for (at the same time, on the other hand, etc.)10.(continuing)--- Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech.Ⅲ How to Write a Summary1.Read and understand the source2. Underline the thesis statement and the main supporting points →We should decide what parts are essential and what parts are comparatively unimportant and can be omitted without much loss.3. Write the summary→begin the summary by mentioning the author, the article’s title and the author’s thesis;→state the supporting points one by one;→revise.Ⅳ Some Useful Expressions and Structures ---- refer to p109Ⅴ Analyze sample 3 (P111)Ⅵ Exercise 1 on P117. This article talks about the reasons why students cheat in exams. Students cheat in exams by many ways even though they will have to face severe punishment if they are caught. The author thinks there are three main reasons. The most important reason is the fear of failure. Those students are greatly worried that if they fail not only their relationship with their parents and friends will be affected but also their “educational future.” (continuing)The second reason is that some students are not confident and don’t think they can pass the exam. The last reason is that some students just want to challenge the school rules to “show off to their friends”. They take risks for pleasure. Although the author doesn’t see any effective means to stop students cheating in exams, he advises students to think “Is it worth being caught and getting punished.” (141 words)谢 谢 ！。