人文英语4(unit1-5).ppt

人文英语 4English for the Humanities 4Unit 2Unit 3Unit 4City￿and￿Country￿LifeEducational￿FairnessUnit 5Quality￿of￿EducationLegal￿ComplaintUnit 6Effective￿CommunicationUnit 7Social￿WorkUnit 8Pleading￿not￿Guilty￿ContentsUnit 1British￿Culture1￿￿￿British￿Culture42给予解释Give￿explanations写评论Write￿a￿comment表达强调Express￿emphasis31Learning￿Objectives谈论英国文化Talk￿about￿British￿cultureGetting￿StartedMatch the places / people with the pictures below. Please make some comments on the places / people. You may search for more detailed information on the Internet.A.William Shakespeare B. Tower Bridge C. Big BenD. The Beatles E. The London Eye F. Winston Churchill Big Ben（大本钟）（大本钟） Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London, and often extended to refer to the clock and the clock tower. The tower is officially known as Elizabeth Tower, renamed to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 2012. The tower holds the second largest four-faced chiming clock in the world. The tower was completed in 1858 and has become one of the most prominent symbols of the United Kingdom and is often in the establishing shot of films set in London.Culture￿NoteTower Bridge（塔桥）（塔桥） Tower Bridge (built 1886 –1894) is a combined bascule and suspension bridge（开合桥和吊桥）￿in London. The bridge crosses the River Thames close to the Tower of London and has become an iconic symbol of London. The bridge consists of two bridge towers tied together at the upper level by two horizontal walkways. The bridge deck is freely accessible to both vehicles and pedestrians, whereas the bridge’s twin towers, high-level walkways and Victorian engine rooms form part of the Tower Bridge Exhibition, for which an admission charge is made. Culture￿Note William Shakespeare（威廉（威廉·莎士比亚）莎士比亚） William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world’s preeminent（卓越的，超群的）dramatist. He is often called England’s national poet, and the “Bard of Avon”. His extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.Culture￿NoteØ What question does Liu Hui ask Gordon about watching TV?Ø What benefit can people enjoy when they reach the age of 75 in terms of TV license?Ø What is the main source of income for BBC?Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿3Listen to the dialog and answer the following questions.【句子】You need to be covered by a TV license if you watch or record programs as they’re beingshown on TV or live on an online TV service.【译文】如果你观看或录制电视播放或实况转播的节目，你就需要持有电视收视许可证。

难点】license 许可证，执照例如： business license 营业执照， driver’s license 驾驶执照；美语中， license 也可以作动词，意为“授权，发许可证”例如：The new drug has not yet been licensed in the US. 这种新药在美国还没有被许可 online 的，在网上例如： online shopping 网络购物， online game 网络游戏， online banking 网上银行Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿3Language￿Notes【句子】Including watching TV on computers and mobile phones? 【译文】包括在电脑上和上看电视吗?【难点】mobile 移动式的例如： mobile phone 移动，； mobile communication 移动通信句子】 We do for the live cable TV programs.【译文】我们的直播有线电视节目需要电视收视许可证难点】这里的 do 指上句话中的 need，意为“需要”。

单词 live 此处是形容词，意为“直播的” cable 电缆例如： They run commercials on cable systems across the country. 他们在遍布全国的有线电视网做广告Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿3Language￿Notes强调句强调句I do hate the awful symbols on the walls definitely. 我绝对讨厌墙上那些讨厌的符号•英语中表示“ 强调” 的方式有很多种，常见的方法如下：1. 用助词 do 表示强调例如：The baby is generally healthy, but every now and then she does catch a cold.Do be quiet. I told you I had a headache.2. 用形容词 very， single 等表示强调例如：The Red Army fought a battle on this very spot.Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon.3. 用副词 very， only， even， so 等表示强调。

例如：Check￿It￿OutHe drank it to the very last drop.Only in this way can we wipe out the enemy troops.4. 用 ... and that， ... and those， ... not too much,“否定加否定”等结构表示强调例如：They fulfilled the task, and that in a few days.5. 用反身代词表示强调例如：I myself will see her off at the station.6. 用短语 in every way， in no way， by all means， by no means, only too， all too， buttoo， in heaven， in the world， in hell， on earth 等表示强调例如：His behavior is in every way perfect.Check￿It￿OutListen to the dialog and decide whether the following statements are TRUE (T)or FALSE (F).Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿41. Molly has already had some plans this afternoon. 2. Zhang Hua asks Molly to walk around with him.3. Zhang Hua wants to see the typical British phone booths or the red buses.4. Molly doesn’t think graffiti is part of London’s street culture.5. It is through the movie, Sherlock, that Zhang Hua becomes interested in graffiti（ ）（ ）（ ）（ ）（ ）【句子】Would you like to walk around with me?【译文】您愿意和我一起四处走走吗？ 【难点】walk around 四处走走。

例如： It’s important to take mini-breaks during your work day. Stop what you’re doing, massage your shoulders, neck, head, hands and arms, get up and stretch, walk around and drink some water. 忙碌的一天中抽出时间歇一会儿是很重要的停下手中的事，揉揉肩膀、脖子、头、手和手臂，站起来伸个懒腰，四处走动走动，喝点儿水句子】You can pose for pictures with these magnificent places in the background. 【译文】你可以以这些壮观的地方作背景留影 【难点】pose for 摆好姿势（让别人拍照或画像）例如： I hadn’t been on a horse since I was five, and then only to pose for a picture in a cowboy outfit. 我五岁的时候曾经穿着一身牛仔装爬到马背上，但只是为了拍张照片而已，从那以后我就再没有骑过马。

Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿4Language￿NotesIt is / was + 被强调部分被强调部分￿ ￿+ that … 句型句型• It is / was + 被强调部分￿+ that... 句型是强调句型，将被强调的部分放在前面，其他部分置于￿that 之后被强调部分可以是主语、宾语或状语强调的主语如果是人，￿that 也可以由￿who 替代￿It is… 或￿It was… 分别表示现在（将来）或过去例如：It was they that (who) cleaned the classroom yesterday. （强调主语）It is me that he is going to blame. （强调宾语）It was on Monday night that all this happened. ( 强调状语）Check￿It￿OutUseful￿ExpressionsTalk about British culture•I’d like to see more of London’s streets.•I also want to see something special.•The typical British phone booths or the red buses?•I do hate the awful symbols on the walls definitely.•Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon.•He drank it to the very last drop. Express emphasisGive explanations•You need to be covered by a TV license…•It costs the same for all applicants under 75.•There is no advertising on the BBC channels.Read the passage and correct the mistakes in the following sentences.Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿51. There are no free services over 480 channels for people to choose from in the UK.2. People in the UK can’t watch digital content on the Internet.3. The Labor and Liberal Parties agreed with the bill introduced by the Conservative Government in 1953.4. The BBC and Independent Television often put out different types of programs at the same time.5. The license fee for color is almost the same as that for black and white.Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿5 Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions from the passage to outline the development of British TV. Television broadcasting started in the United Kingdom in 1936 as a public service 1 . In 1953 the Conservative Government introduced a bill to 2 commercial television. This was opposed very strongly by the 3 Parties, but the bill was passed and commercial television flourishes. Now there is a collection of 4 services over a variety of distribution media, through which there are over 480 channels for consumers as well as 5 . In the United Kingdom and 6 , any household watching or recording live television transmissions as they are being broadcast (terrestrial, satellite, cable, or Internet) is required to hold a 7 . Since April 1, 2010 the 8 has been £145.50 for color and £49.00 for 9 . On October 24, 2012, all television broadcasts in the United Kingdom were 10 . 【句子】Now there is a collection of free and subscription services over a variety of distribution media, through which there are over 480 channels for consumers as well as on-demand content. 【译文】现在，各种传播媒体可为消费者提供480多个频道及点播内容，其中既有免费服务也有付费服务。

难点】subscription 订购，订阅例如： subscription library 收费图书馆， subscription channel 付费频道 on-demand 按需的例如： The need for business integration in the on demand era has never been so compelling. 进入随需应变的时代以来，我们对业务整合的需求 从未如此强烈句子】On October 24, 2012, all television broadcasts in the United Kingdom were in a digital format. 【译文】2012年10月24日，英国所有的电视广播都采用数码格式难点】format 格式例如： We will discuss the advantages of one format over the other. 我们将讨论这两种格式各自的优点Language￿NotesReading￿and￿Writing——Task￿5Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿5Language￿Notes【句子】 In 1953 the Conservative Government introduced a bill to make arrangements for commercial television.【译文】1953年，保守党政府提出了一项议案，安排设立商业电视。

难点】conservative 保守的例如： People tend to be more liberal when they’re young and more conservative as they get older. 人们年轻时往往更开放，年纪越大就越保守 bill 议案例如： This is the toughest crime bill that the Congress has passed in a decade. 这是十年来国会通过的最强硬的犯罪议案 make arrangements for 安排某事例如： I’m going to make arrangements for your business trip. 我去给你安排出差事宜 commercial 商业的例如： Baltimore in its heyday was a major center of industrial and commercial activity. 巴尔的摩在其鼎盛时期曾是工商业活动的重要中心【句子】 Thus, the license fee made up the bulk of the BBC’s total income of £5.102 billion in 2012–2013.【译文】因此，收视许可证费占到了 BBC 2012~2013年51.02亿英镑总收入的大部分。

【难点】make up组成，构成例如： The Chinese make up the largest single ethnic group in the city’s public classrooms. 华人在该市公立学校中构成最大的一个族群 bulk 大部分，大多数例如： The bulk of the text is essentially a review of these original documents. 正文的大部分基本上是对这些原始文献的回顾Language￿NotesReading￿and￿Writing——Task￿5Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. Graffiti painting is traditionally a daredevil pursuit.2. But over the past decade, graffiti has all but disappeared from Britain’s cities.3. The most obvious reason for the decline in tagging and train-painting is better policing.4. The Internet means that painters can win far more attention by posting pictures online than they can by breaking into a railway yard.5. It has become something to do on a Sunday afternoon — a slightly healthier alternative to sitting and watching football.Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿6【句子】Between 2007 and 2012 the number of incidents of graffiti recorded by the British Transport Police fell by 63%. 【译文】2007~2012年，英国交通警察局记录的涂鸦事件下降了63%。

难点】incident 事件例如： These incidents were the latest in a series of disputes between the two nations. 这些事件是两国一系列争端中最近的几起句子】If you are having an argument with your child, you need to make sure you both take the time to really listen. 【译文】如果你和孩子之间发生争执，你应该确保你们彼此花时间互相倾听对方难点】have an argument with … 与……发生争吵例如： Tom had an argument with his boss during the meeting this morning. 汤姆今天上午在开会的时候和他的老板发生了争吵 take the time to do …花费时间去做某事 其中 take 表示“耗费（时间）”，经常用于这个结构中： It takes sb. (sometime) to do sth. 某人花时间做某事例如： It takes me a long time to understand the theme of the novel. 我花了相当长的时间才理解了那部小说的主题。

Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿6Language￿Notes【句子】Graffiti are increasingly confined to sanctioned walls. 【译文】涂鸦越来越被限制在被批准的墙上难点】confine 限制例如： They decided not to let their new dog run loose, confining it to a fenced enclosure during the day. 他们决定不让他们新买的狗乱跑，白天就把它关在有围栏的围圈里sanction 批准，认可例如： The church would not sanction his second marriage. 教会不会认可他的第二次婚姻句子】In time the practice may die out entirely. 【译文】 最终涂鸦也许会完全消失 【难点】in time 最终，迟早例如： If you keep on, you will succeed in time. 如果坚持下去，你总有一天会成功 die out 消失，灭绝。

例如： Campus life will lose its variety and vigor if marginalized clubs die out. 如果一些边缘社团消失了，校园生活也就会失去其多样性和活力Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿6Language￿Notes Corporate Culture（企业文化）（企业文化）￿￿￿￿￿￿Corporate culture is the general values, beliefs and attitudes that characterize a company and guide its practices. To some extent, a company’s internal culture may be expressed in its mission state mentor vision statement. Elements of corporate culture include a company’s physical environment, human resources practices and the staff itself. Corporate culture is also reflected in the degree of emphasis placed on various defining elements such as hierarchy（层级）￿, process, innovation, collaboration, competition, community involvement and social engagement. A corporate culture that reflects the broader culture is usually more successful than one that is at odds with it. For example, in the current global culture, which values transparency （透明度）￿, equality and communication, a secretive company with a strictly hierarchical structure may have a public relations problem.Workplace￿TipWorkplace￿TipAsk your classmates, colleagues or friends the following questions and write down his / her answers.Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿7Ø How many people are there in your family?ØDo your family members often watch TV?ØHow many hours do they spend watching TV every day on average?ØWhat kind of TV programs do your family members like to watch?ØDo your family members often watch TV together?2￿￿City￿and￿Country￿Life42谈论最新消息Give￿and￿respond￿to￿news￿写备忘录Write￿a￿memo表达强烈情感Express￿strongfeelings31Learning￿Objectives谈论城乡生活Talk￿about￿urban￿and￿rural￿lifeGetting￿StartedWhat are the people in the following pictures doing? What kinds of sports do you like best? Match the pictures with the sports in the box.Football table tennis fishing cycling board games hiking camping snooker skating bowling card gamesØWhere does Zhang Hua live these days?ØWhat has made Zhang Hua move to the country?ØWhat does Zhang Hua plan to do in the future?Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿3Listen to the dialog and answer the following questions.【句子】I’ve just gotten fed up with the tension of city life. 【译文】我已经厌倦了紧张的城市生活。

【难点】be / get fed up with sth. 意思是“受够了，厌倦了”例如： He is fed up with the noise and closes the door.他受够了那噪声，关上了门【句子】I no longer have to breathe in exhaust fumes. 【译文】我再也不用吸入那些废气了 【难点】no longer / no more 表示“不再”，与 not…any longer / more 意思一样例如： He no longer lives here. 他不再住在这里了也可以说： He doesn’t live here any longer.Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿3Language￿Notes (not) as…as (not) as…as 的用法的用法 There aren’t as many job vacancies in the country as in the city. 乡下的空缺职位不如城里多。

• not as / so + adj. / adv. +as 的意思是“不如，不像”例如： This dictionary is not as / so useful as you think. • 其肯定式为 as…as，意为“和……一样”，表示同级的比较其基本结构为： as+adj. / adv. +as例如： This film is as interesting as that one. •另外还有一些常见的 as…as… 句型，但是不表示比较例如： Please answer my question as soon as possible.Check￿It￿Out Listen to the dialog and decide whether the following statements are TRUE (T)or FALSE (F).Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿41. The newspaper says we should sort trash. （ ）2. Many communities have not already done that. （ ）3. Trash is trash not only when everything is mixed together. （ ）4. It is high time for us to sort out the trash. （ ）5. People should be informed about how to do that in the first place. （ ）【句子】With trash separated, pollution caused by incineration can be avoided. 【译文】如果垃圾被分类，那么焚烧带来的污染就可以避免。

难点】句中介词 with 后跟名词短语，表示条件例如： With your permission, sir, I’d like to speak. 先生，若您允许，我想发言句子】Otherwise, few people would bother to do it. 【译文】否则，很少有人会费力这样做难点】bother to do sth.意为“费力做某事，不嫌麻烦做某事”，常用于否定句中，表示不理会、嫌麻烦的态度例如： He didn’t even bother to say thank you. 他甚至连说一声谢谢都不肯Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿4Language￿Notes It is (high) time… It is (high) time… 的用法的用法 It is high time for us to sort out the trash. 现在正是该将垃圾分类的时候了 •It is (high) time… 意思是“现在正是该……的时候了”，后面可以跟不定式。

例如： It is high time for the students to devote more energy to learning technology. It is high time for us to make changes in the digital age. •当 It is (high) time… 后面加 that 从句的时候，要用虚拟语气，即从句中要用过去时或“ should+ 动词原形”的形式例如： It is (high) time that we went to bed. It is (high) time that we should tell him the truth. Check￿It￿Out Incineration（垃圾焚烧）（垃圾焚烧）￿￿￿￿￿￿Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion（燃烧）￿of organic substances contained in waste materials. Incineration of waste materials converts（转化）￿the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat. Incinerators reduce the solid mass（质量）￿of the original waste by 80%–85% and the volume （体积）￿(already compressed somewhat in garbage trucks) by 95%–96%. Incineration should also include a materials separation to remove hazardous（危险的）￿, bulky or recyclable materials before combustion.Culture￿NoteUseful￿ExpressionsTalk about urban and rural life•I like living in the country — life is simple, quiet and energetic.•It means quietness, privacy, harmony and peace for me.•Living in the country requires an active lifestyle..•That would be great!•I’ve gotten fed up with the tension of city life•I always hate it when people mix all the trash together.Express strong feelingsGive and respond to news•That’s wonderful / fantastic!•I’m glad to hear that!•What fantastic / good / brilliant / great / wonderful / splendid news! Public Library（公共图书馆）（公共图书馆）A public library is a library that is accessible by the general public. They are generally supported by taxes (usually local, though any level of government can and may contribute). They provide basic services without charge and are open to all and every community member can access the collection. Public libraries exist in many countries across the world and are often considered as an essential part of having an educated and literate（有读写能力的）￿population.Culture￿NoteReading￿and￿Writing——Task￿51.The author has lived in the countryside for more than a decade, and he / she loves living there.2.Living in the country is not interesting at all.3.The author takes a walk or drives along country roads almost every day.4.People living in the country usually go shopping every Saturday.5.According to the author, nobody dislikes countryside life.Read the passage and decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿5Language￿Notes【句子】It may be just a get-together on a Saturday at the local farmers market... 【译文】它或许仅仅是周六当地农贸市场里的一次小聚……【难点】句中的 get-together 此处被用作名词，意思是“聚会”。

类似的如 break-through, 动词和名词均为“突破”之意句子】This routine will establish a sense of structure and increase feelings of control and safety. 【译文】这种惯例会形成一种按部就班的感觉，并增加控制感和安全感 【难点】a sense of 表示“一种感觉”例如： a sense of trust 信任感； a sense of humor 幽默感 feeling of 表示 “……的感觉”例如： A feeling of shame came over her. 她突然感到一阵羞愧Translate the English sentences into Chinese.1.I usually have no problem filling the two bags I bring with me.2.It’s not art in the state I find it. Through creativity and trial-and-error, it becomes art.3.The process I go through from the raw materials to a finished piece is not complex at all.4.I typically do this for a few days or a week before something “clicks” and I have an idea about what I want to create.Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿6【句子】I typically do this for a few days or a week before something “clicks” and I have an idea about what I want to create. 【译文】这件事我通常会做上几天或一周的时间，直到突然茅塞顿开，我会弄明白我的创意所在。

【难点】 click 指“使发出咔哒声”，也指“点击（鼠标）”，此处意为“突然明白或理解”例如： I puzzled over it for hours before it finally clicked. 我对这一问题茫然不解，几小时后，终于茅塞顿开句子】Overall, I couldn’t be happier. 【译文】总之，没有比这更令我高兴的了这里是通过否定比较级来表示最高级的含义难点】最常见的例子如： I can’t agree more! 我太同意了！Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿6Language￿Notes【句子】After that, it is only a matter of realizing my vision.【译文】然后，就只剩下去实现我的想法的事情了 【难点】a matter of 后加名词，常表示关乎……，……的问题等例如： Of course this must havepriority. It’s a matter of life and death. 当然，这一点必须要优先考虑，这是生死攸关的问题Success in business is simply a matter of knowing when to take a chance. 商业成功的关键在于把握时机。

Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿6Language￿NotesThe Human Resource Manager Bruce asks you to prepare a memo for him briefing all staff about the coming invited speech to be delivered by Dr. Jerry Anderson.Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿7You have been given the following information:The time and the date: 14:00–16:00, April 11The venue: Function Room on Level 3The invited speaker: Dr. Jerry AndersonThe content: sorting trash scientificallyThe participants: all staffBusiness Memos（商务备忘录）（商务备忘录）￿￿￿￿￿￿Unlike letters, the external communications of a company, business memos are an internal form of communication and it is standard practice to save them. Their objective is to deliver information or instructions. Their scope should be limited to a single topic so that the reader will “get the message” quickly and, if necessary, take an action. Confined to（局限于）￿a single topic, each interoffice, interdepartmental and companywide memo becomes part of the institutional memory of an organization. In short, they speed up the daily business of doing business; they keep people who need to be kept in the know. When a business organization designs an official letterhead it often also designs an official memo sheet, complete with a company logo featured at the top of the page. Besides having a professional look and feel, preprinted memo sheets often provide specialized information fields that accommodate specific procedures for expediting（加速）￿in-house communications.Workplace￿TipWorkplace￿Tip3￿￿Educational￿Fairness42举例为证Give￿examples￿给市长写信Write￿a￿letter￿to￿the￿mayor做比较Make￿comparisons31Learning￿Objectives谈论教育公平Talk￿about￿educational￿fairnessGetting￿StartedTalk about the following chart and give your own opinions on the issue of education equality. Three of the Key Universities in the United States（美国三所名校）（美国三所名校） Harvard University（哈佛大学）（哈佛大学） Harvard University, the oldest institution of higher education in the United States, was established in l636 and named after its first benefactor, John Harvard. Harvard University is known around the world for its outstanding academic achievements. It has produced more than 40 Nobel laureates（诺贝尔奖得主）￿. Seven Presidents of the United States graduated from Harvard. Yale University（耶鲁大学）（耶鲁大学） Yale University was founded in 1701 as a college; it is the third oldest institution of higher education in the United States. In 1716, it moved to its permanent location in New Haven. It was renamed Yale College in 1718 because a wealthy British merchant whose name is Elihu Yale donated generously to the school. In 1887, Yale College became Yale University Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）（麻省理工学院） Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is an institute well known for its scientific and technological training and research. It was founded in 1861 in Boston and moved to Cambridge in 1916.Culture￿NoteListening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿3Liu Hui interviews Dr. Smith about the issue of educational inequality. Listen to the dialog and answer the following questions.Ø Why does educational inequality exist in modern society?Ø Is educational inequality in different countries in the same form?Ø Is there any country without educational inequality?【句子】Thank you, Dr. Smith, for agreeing to be interviewed by our Campus News Weekly. 【译文】 感谢史密斯博士接受《 校园周报》 的采访。

难点】thank sb. for sth. 为（某事）感谢（某人）例如： Thank you for inviting me to your birthday party. 谢谢你邀请我参加你的生日聚会句子】Educational inequality is the disparity that certain students experience in their education as compared to other students.【译文】 教育的不平等指某些学生和其他学生相比，在教育方面所经历的不同待遇 【难点】that 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 disparity inequality 和 disparity 意思接近，都有“不平等，不同待遇”的含义Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿3Language￿Notes【句子】…, researchers link educational inequality to socioeconomic, racial and geographic reasons.【译文】……，研究者们把教育的不平等与社会经济的、种族的和地理的原因联系起来。

【难点】link…to…把……与……联系起来例如： It links the human heart to the life of the earth.它把人的心脏和地球生命联系起来句子】It’s impossible to answer such a big question in a few words. 【译文】用几句话回答如此大的问题是不可能的难点】这句中含有一个“ It is + adj. + to do sth.”句型， it 是形式主语，真正的主语是 to do sth. 结构，所以译成汉语时， it 通常不译，要把 to do sth. 的内容翻译出来放在句首例如： It is difficult to finish the task within two hours. 在两个小时内完成这项任务是很难的Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿3Language￿NotesListen to the dialog again and complete the notes.Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿4Interview Notes1. Educational inequality is a concern.How can we solve the problem?2. First, should take responsibility for dealing with the inequality.3. Second, all countries should on education to guarantee equal access.4. In terms of funding, the central and local governments have set aside great educational funds for teachers and school facilities.【句子】First, the government should take responsibility for dealing with the inequality. 【译文】首先，政府应该在处理不平等问题上负起责任。

难点】take responsibility for… 对……负有责任例如： We need to take responsibility for looking after our own health. 我们必须对自己的健康负责 deal with 处理，对付例如： I think we should work out a strategy to deal with this situation. 我想我们应该确定策略，来应对这种情况句子】Second, all countries should make laws on education to guarantee equal access. 【译文】其次，所有国家都应该制定法律确保教育机会公平 【难点】make law 制定法律例如： The congress is empowered by the constitution to make laws. 国会由宪法授予制定法律的权力Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿4Language￿Notes【句子】Every country should try their best to provide equal opportunities for every citizen to go on with their education. 【译文】每个国家应该尽力为每位公民提供继续接受教育的平等机会。

难点】try one’s best 尽力，努力例如： He is trying his best to understand what she means by it. 他正在尽力弄明白她这么做的意思 go on with 继续例如： If we don’t finish painting the kitchen today, we can go on with it tomorrow. 要是我们今天粉刷不完厨房，明天可以接着干句子】In terms of funding, the central and local governments have set aside great educational funds for training teachers and improving school facilities. 【译文】在资金方面，中央和地方政府已经拨出了大量的教育经费用于培训教师和改进学校设施难点】in terms of 就……而言，在……方面例如： In terms of money, he’s quite rich, but not in terms of happiness. 就金钱而言他很富有，但就幸福而言就不然了。

set aside 留出，拨出例如： He sets aside a little money each week. 他每周都存起来一些钱Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿4Language￿Notes现在分词作结果状语现在分词作结果状语 Nearly 30 years ago, China implemented its Compulsory Education Law, ensuring qualityand equality in education. 近 30 年来，中国实行的 《 义务教育法》，确保了教育的质量与公平 • 在上句中，现在分词 ensuring… 结构作结果状语现在分词表示主句的动作所带来的结果，相当于一个并列谓语例如： His father died, leaving him a lot of money. = His father died, and left him a lot of money. She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces. = She wasso angry that she threw the toy on the ground, and broke it into pieces.Check￿It￿OutUseful￿ExpressionsTalk about educational fairness•The meaning of educational inequality varies in…•It is very likely that educational inequality exists in…•There seems to be a serious imbalance in educational resources between…•The college entrance rate is much higher in Beijing than in other provinces.•… has become one of the most important political and social issues…•It’s easier said than done. Make comparisonsGive examples•For example / For instance, …•If I can use an example, …•To give an example, …Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿5Match the words with their definitions.WordsDefinitionspathwayA. the practice of treating one person less fairlydiscrimination B. the state of having little or no moneyparticipationC. a way of achieving somethingadvocacyD. the act of sharing in the activities of a grouppovertyE. active support of an ideaanniversaryF. the date on which an event occurred in some previousyearilliteracyG. the state of not knowing how to read and writeReading￿and￿Writing——Task￿5Language￿Notes【句子】 …there has been significant progress in women’s empowerment and participation through determined advocacy, practical action and enlightened policy making. 【译文】通过坚决拥护、实际行动和开明决策，妇女在权益与参与方面取得了显著进步。

难点】empowerment 赋予权力，享有权力例如： A person aiming for empowerment is able to take control of their life by making positive choices and setting goals. 追求个人能力发展，意味着能够通过积极向上的选择，确定目标，掌控自己的人生句子】As education is the key to greater empowerment for women… 【译文】 由于教育是赋予女性更大权力的关键……【难点】 the key to 开启……的钥匙，……的关键例如： Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it. 知识是宝库，实践是钥匙【句子】Strengthening the bridges between education, training, science and technology and the labor market is important in order to promote equal opportunity to decent employment for women. 【译文】为了促进女性拥有体面就业的平等机会，加强教育、培训、科学技术与劳动力市场之间的沟通是非常重要的。

【难点】strengthening 加强，是动名词，这句话中 strengthening… market 是动名词短语，作整个句子的主语又如： Eating vegetable is good for our health. 吃蔬菜有益于我们的健康Language￿NotesReading￿and￿Writing——Task￿5Translate the English sentences into Chinese.1.Equality and diversity is not entirely a “numbers game”. Hughes reminded those in attendance that their homes could be an open invitation to criminals.2.Equality in society is absolutely, and fundamentally, linked to equality in3.Equality in society can be promoted by equality and diversity at university.4.different cultures and different people. A loud sound alarm usually drives the burglars away before they can steal anything from your home.5.The benefits of university as a positive, diverse environment must be seen by students.Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿6【句子】 A recent Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG) equalities review showed that significant numbers of potential students felt their disability was a major barrier to accessing higher education (HE).【译文】社区与地方政府部近期的一份平等审查表明，大量潜在的学生感觉他们的残疾是他们进入高等教育的障碍。

难点】barrier to ……的障碍例如：Poor health may be a barrier to success. 健康欠佳可能成为取得成功的障碍句子】For many students, university is the place where they will be first exposed to different cultures and different people.【译文】 对于许多学生来说，大学是他们首次接触到不同文化和不同人的地方难点】这句中， where 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 place expose to 面临，暴露例如： He is exposing to a turning point in his life. 他正面临着一个人生的转折点Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿6Language￿Notes【句子】 AAs well as fighting for better access, the NUS wants to see diversity properly valued and promoted within the student experience. 【译文】除了力争提供更好的机会外，全国学联希望看到在学生体验中能够正确重视并推崇多元化。

句子】 … the benefits of university as a positive, diverse environment must be seen by students as adding “value” as much as any other factor before the numbers game is really won by the champions of diversity. 【译文】在支持多元化的人数占多数之前，学生们必须看到大学的好处，它是一个积极的多元的环境，可以和其他任何因素一样增加“价值”难点】see… as… 把……看作……例如： We all see this as a golden opportunity to get to know one another better. 我们都把这个看作增进互相了解的黄金机会Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿6Language￿Notes Difference Between a University and a College（大学和学院的区别）（大学和学院的区别）The difference between a “college” and a “university” can depend very much on where someone lives. Traditionally, the term “college” applied to a part of a university. Large universities may be split into colleges or schools that offer different degrees. In many cases in the US, colleges refer to schools that offer four-year advanced education only, and institutions which do not typically offer more than a bachelor’s degree. A university, however, is a school that offers postgraduate programs such as those resulting in a master’s or doctoral degree. Colleges can also refer to the individual schools and departments within a larger institution. In other countries, “colleges” can refer to various levels of education, including secondary schools.Workplace￿TipWorkplace￿TipWhat efforts have been made to provide equal access to education in your local area? Fill in the table with your ideas. Then exchange your ideas with other groups.Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿7Different AspectsYour GroupOther GroupsEnrollmentTeaching and learningAccommodationTuition feeCampus facilitiesOther aspectsEfforts Made to Provide Equal Access to Education in Your Local Area4￿Quality￿of￿Education42表达必需或义务Express￿necessity￿or￿obligations写一写如何提高教育质量Write￿about￿how￿to￿improve￿quality￿of￿education支持论点Support￿one’s￿argument31Learning￿Objectives谈论教育质量Talk￿about￿quality￿of￿educationGetting￿StartedLook at the graph and answer the following questions.Ø1. From the following graph, what conclusion can you draw about university enrollment?Ø2. What problems may there be with the continuing increase of university enrollment?Ø3. What should we do to solve the problems?University graduates in fifteen years in ChinaListening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿3Liu Hui and Molly are discussing the issue of educational quality at a workshop. Listen to the dialog again and complete it with the words in the box.ØWhat does educational quality mean?ØWhat influence do the key stakeholders bring?ØWhat do some Chinese universities pay attention to?【句子】…, establishing a contextualized understanding of quality means including relevant stakeholders. 【译文】设身处地地理解质量问题意味着需要将各个利益相关者考虑在内。

难点】…mean doing sth. 意味着做某事例如： Being a student means studying hard. 作为一个学生，（意味着）你要努力学习句子】But some universities aren’t known for their quality.. 【译文】但是一些大学并不是以质量被人所熟知 【难点】be known for 因……而众所周知例如： Hangzhou is known for its beautiful scenery.杭州因它的秀美风光而著名Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿3Language￿Notes【句子】Some universities pay more attention to profits instead of quality.【译文】一些大学更多地关注利益而不是质量 【难点】pay attention to 注意，留意例如： I hope you will pay attention to this problem.我希望你对此给予关注 instead of 代替，而不是例如： I gave him advice instead of money.我给了他忠告，而不是钱。

句子】But, solutions are grounded in values, cultures and traditions and may be specific to a given nation as well. 【译文】但是，解决方案要以价值观、文化和传统为基础，也有可能针对特定的国家 【难点】 be grounded in 以……为基础，以……为根据例如： If it is a letter of protest, the protest should be grounded in reason, not emotion. 如果是一封抗议信, 这个抗议要讲道理, 不是凭感情Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿3Language￿Notes Diploma Mills（文凭工厂）（文凭工厂） Seeking admission to unaccredited institutions, known as “diploma mills”, has become a potential problem for Chinese students seeking to study overseas. Those students spend a lot of time, energy and money but end up receiving a diploma that is not recognized. Diploma mills are set up mainly for profit; they usually adopt names similar to prestigious universities so as to mislead students.Culture￿Note并列连词的用法并列连词的用法 They all provide high-quality education. But some universities aren’t known for their quality.它们都提供高质量的教育。

但一些大学并不是以质量而著称 • 第二句中的 but 一词属于并列连词表示并列关系的连词主要含有“和”“补充”“增加”等意思用来表达并列关系的连词有如下几个： and 和 both...and... 二者都either...or... 或者……或者……； neither...nor... 既不……也不……； as well as 也，连同 ; not only...but (also)... 不但……而且…… 例如： I used to live in Paris and London. Both Jane and Jim are interested in pop music. Bob as well as his parents is going on holiday this summer.Check￿It￿Out Listen to the dialog and decide whether the following statements are TRUE (T)or FALSE (F).Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿41.They are talking about the top-ranking universities.2.To send the children abroad for study will cost a lot of money.3.In China, there are only two universities, which are in the top-ranking ones worldwide.4.Different countries and regions have different policies and take different steps.5.School policies often help us improve the practice of teaching.【句子】Maybe they have lost patience with the poor-quality universities in China. 【译文】也许他们对中国某些品质较低的大学失去了耐心。

【难点】 lose patience with 对……失去耐心例如： I think you are required not to lose patience with your brother. 我认为你不能对你的弟弟失去耐心句子】 You know, different countries and regions have different policies and take different steps.【译文】要知道，不同的国家和地区实行不同的政策，采取不同的措施 【难点】take steps 采取步骤或措施例如： We should take steps to prevent war. 我们应当采取措施制止战争Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿4Language￿NotesUseful￿Expressions Support one’s argument•As far as I’m concerned, quality education means…•Definitely, establishing a contextualized understanding of quality means…•Yes, in the US the quality in higher education is quite mixed.•It has to be personalized and learner-centered teaching.•It is essential to make sure that every student learns.•Equal access to a public education is a right that should be afforded to all students.Express necessity or obligationsReading￿and￿Writing——Task￿5 Match the words with their definitions. WordsDefinitionsA. the right to obtain or make use ofB. claim backC. something that stands in the wayD. sponsor togetherE. more than enoughF. a method for solving a problemG. grounds for feeling hopeful about the futureH. the basis on which something is groundedI. to gain with effortJ. urgently needed; absolutely necessary1.Obstacle2.access 3.ample 4.co-sponsor 5.reclaim 6.promise 7.vital 8.solution 9.foundation10. achieveReading￿and￿Writing——Task￿5Language￿Notes【句子】Educators, parents and community members are working together to provide all students with the opportunity to attend quality public schools.【译文】教育工作者、家长和社区成员正在共同努力，为所有学生提供就读高质量公立学校的机会。

难点】provide...with... 为……提供…… 例如： These books will provide us with all the information we need. 这些书将为我们提供所需要的全部信息句子】Equal access to a public education is a right that should be afforded to all students. 【译文】平等接受公共教育应该是为所有学生提供的一项权利难点】在这句中， that should be afforded to all students 是定语从句，修饰 right, 在译成汉语时，通常将定语从句前置【句子】I’ve been working as a teacher and lawyer for many years,… 【译文】多年来，我一直从事教师和律师的工作，……【难点】I’ve been working 是现在完成进行时态，即“ have / has been + 现在分词”的结构例如： We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我们已经等你半个钟头了。

句子】There is no time to waste because the future of schools and students is on the line.【译文】时间不容浪费，因为学校和学生的未来已经处于危险之中难点】 on the line 处于危险之中例如： If we don’t make a profit, my job is on the line. 如果我们再不盈利，我的工作就保不住了 on the line 还可以表示“占线，在上说话”例如： I asked to speak to Tyler, but Tyler’s mom came on the line instead. 我要跟泰勒说话，结果他妈妈接起了Language￿NotesReading￿and￿Writing——Task￿5Translate the English sentences into Chinese.1.1. We cannot expect our students to succeed if they do not have the right tools to do so.2.There is no time to waste because the future of schools and students is on the line.3.Educators need proper teaching resources in order for students to achieve.4.Just like in other careers, educators should receive ample opportunities for professional development.5.Original and good research, especially in science, economics and social sciences, has a trickle-down effect on society.Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿6【句子】Education and academic quality can mean different things to different people, dependingon their perspective, role and context and, in part because of this, quality is notoriously difficult to evaluate. 【译文】教育与学术质量，对于不同的人来说含义不同，这取决于各自的角度、职责与环境，也正是这部分原因，质量众所周知地难以测量。

【难点】depend on 依赖于，取决于例如： Whether we need more food depends on how many people will turn up. 我们是不是需要更多食物取决于有多少人到场句子】 The quality of knowledge generated within higher education institutions, and its availability to the wider economy, is becoming increasingly critical to national competitiveness.【译文】高等教育机构所产生的有质量的知识及其在更加广泛经济体内的应用，对于国家竞争力来讲，越来越起到至关重要的作用难点】这个句子的主语核心词语是 the quality… and its availability Be critical to 对……很重要、很关键，至关重要例如： I think that finding the right therapist for you is critical to the healing process. 我认为，找到一个合适的治疗专家对你的治愈过程很关键。

Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿6Language￿Notes【句子】 Original and good research, especially in science, economics and social sciences, has a trickle-down effect on society. 【译文】原创的优秀的研究成果，尤其在科学、经济学和社会学领域，都会对社会产生涓滴效应 【难点】trickle-down effect 涓滴效应，又译作“渗漏效应”“滴漏效应”，也称作“涓滴理论”（利益均沾论、渗漏理论、滴漏理论），指在经济发展过程中并不给予贫困阶层、弱势群体或贫困地区特别的优待，而是由优先发展起来的群体或地区通过消费、就业等方面惠及贫困阶层或地区，带动其发展和富裕，或认为政府财政津贴可经过大企业再陆续流入小企业和消费者之手，从而更好地促进经济增长的理论Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿6Language￿NotesDiscuss the problems we are facing on education quality and try to find some possible solutions, and then fill in the table with your ideas.Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿7Education QualityProblemsPossible SolutionsTeachingTeaching ResourcesTeachersStudentsEquipmentOthers Top 10 International Universities (2015)［［国际排名前十的大学国际排名前十的大学（（2015）］）］Culture￿Note5￿Effective￿Communication42澄清观点或想法Clarify￿one’s￿point￿or￿idea论述有效沟通的重要性Write￿about￿the￿importance￿of￿effective￿communication要求进一步说明Ask￿for￿clarification31Learning￿Objectives谈论有效沟通Talk￿about￿effective￿communicationGetting￿StartedLook at the pictures and talk about the following questions.ØHow do you understand effective communication? You may search for some ideas on the Internet.ØWhat makes communication effective?ØWhat communication strategies do you use when you are talking to your boss?Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿3Peter is discussing his speech on the weekend with Molly. Listen to the dialog and answer the following questions.ØWhy is Liu Hui’s boss impossible to talk to when there is a problem?ØWhat is Liu Hui’s boss’s attitude when Liu Hui speaks his mind?ØHow should Liu Hui listen to his boss?【句子】He sounds so angry whenever I speak my mind. 【译文】无论我何时说出我的想法，他听了都很生气。

难点】 speak one’s mind 直抒己见，说心里话例如： Don’t hesitate to speak your mind. 别犹豫，说出你的心里话句子】Your verbal and body language must convey a positive message to him. 【译文】你的口头表达和肢体语言必须向他传递一个积极正面的信息 【难点】convey 传递，表达；运送例如： Colors like red convey a sense of energy and strength. 像红色这样的颜色会传达能量和力气的含义Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿3Language￿Notes【句子】Using a soft manner, being polite, putting a smile on your face, making eye contact with the person you’re talking to, all that counts as positive body language. 【译文】态度温柔、礼貌，脸上带着笑容，用眼神与对方交流，所有这些都是积极正面的肢体语言。

【难点】count as 当作，看作例如： I count her as my best partner. 我把她看作我最好的搭档句子】You can speak your mind using a soft tone of voice, by sounding like you are suggesting your opinion rather than stating it. 【译文】你可以用柔和的声音来说出你的想法，使之听起来你好像在给出建议而不是陈述难点】speak one’s mind 直抒胸怀，畅所欲言例如： Will you give me a chance to speak my mind or am I supposed to agree with everything you say? 你会让我实话实说还是你说什么我只能赞同你?Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿3Language￿Notes时间状语从句时间状语从句 He doesn’t listen when I try to talk to him. 我试图跟他说话，他根本就不听。

• 本句中 when I try to talk to him 是时间状语从句在英语中，用表示时间的连词连接一个句子并在复合句中作时间状语，其作用是指明主句中谓语动词所表示的动作发生的时间时间状语从句的引导词有： when， before， after， as， while， till / until， since， whenever 例如： • When I got up my wife was cooking breakfast. • We didn’t go to bed until he came back. • I found his hat after he has left.Check￿It￿OutListen to the dialog and complete the notes.Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿4PeterLiu HuiHe considers Larry the biggest 1 he has ever met.He thinks everybody has their 4 andweaknesses.He complains Larry makes 2 mistakes.He advises Peter not to be so 5 to his co-workers.One of his colleagues is 3 out of college and still a bit green.He considers Larry to be a 6 to be around.【句子】I am really fed up with Larry!.【译文】我真的受够拉里了！ 【难点】be fed up with 厌烦，受够了。

例如： She was fed up with the customers’ endless complaints. 她很厌倦客户没完没了的投诉句子】Even though he’s fresh out of college and still a bit green, he is a great co-worker. 【译文】尽管他刚从大学毕业并且经验不足，但是他是一个很好的同事难点】这里， fresh out of college 意思相当于recently graduated from college green 除了指“绿色”外，还可以指 inexperienced，缺乏经验例如： The new trainees are still very green. 那些新来培训的学员还很缺乏经验Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿4Language￿Notes【句子】He’s the biggest airhead I’ve ever met. 【译文】他是我见过的最大的傻瓜句子】He might be a pain to be around, but he is also very good at staying within budget on projects.【译文】也许在周围人的眼里他是一个讨厌鬼，但在做项目时他却从不会超出预算。

【难点】staying within budget on projects 项目的预算不会超支 stay within 遵守……；保持在……之内例如： All motorists should stay within the speed limit. 所有摩托车手都要遵守限速规定Listening￿and￿Speaking——Task￿4Language￿NotesUseful￿ExpressionsTalk about effective communication•If you ask for confirmation, it will be much easier to talk to…•Think of a solution that will work for both of us.•Listening to people with empathy…•What do you mean he’s impossible to talk to? / Why do you say that?•Could you say that again, please? / Could you repeat it please?•Could you explain what you mean by...?Ask for clarificationClarify one’s point or idea•That’s not what I mean.•That is to say / In other words, ...•To put it differently...General Communication Skills（日常沟通技巧）（日常沟通技巧） 1. Listening: Practice active listening which involves paying close attention to what theother person is saying, asking clarifying questions, and rephrasing what the person says to ensure understanding. 2. Nonverbal Communication: Your body language, eye contact, hand gestures, and tone all color the message you are trying to convey. Besides, you should also pay attention toother people’s nonverbal signals while you are talking. 3. Clarity and Concision: Try to convey your message in as few words as possible. Say what you want clearly and directly, whether you’re speaking to someone in person, on the phone, or via email. 4. Friendliness: Through a friendly tone, a personal question, or simply a smile, you will encourage your coworkers to engage in open and honest communication with you. 5. Confidence: It is important to be confident in all your interactions with others.Culture￿Note 6. Empathy: Even when you disagree with an employer, coworker, or employee, it is important for you to understand and respect their point of view. 7. Open-mindedness: A good communicator should enter any conversation with a flexible, open mind. Be open to listening to and understanding the other person’s point of view, rather than simply getting your message across. 8. Respect: People will be more open to communicating with you if you convey respect for them and their ideas. 9. Feedback: Being able to appropriately give and receive feedback is an important communication skill.Culture￿Note10. Picking the Right Medium: Knowing what form of communication to use is very important. Some serious conversations such as: layoffs（解雇）￿, changes in salary, etc., are almost always best done in person. You should also think about the person with whom you wish to speak — if they are very busy people, you might want to convey your message through email. People will appreciate your thoughtful means of communication, and will be more likely to respond positively to you. Culture￿NoteReading￿and￿Writing——Task￿5Read the passage and decide if the following statements are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).1. The sender’s gender also influences the message.2. Encoding is a process that translates information into symbols which convey the ideas or concepts of the message that will be sent later.3. These symbols are usually words and sentences in written form.4. Channel is not crucial for conveying the message.5. Feedbacks enable the sender to know whether the receiver has received the message successfully or not.Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿5Language￿Notes【句子】 The sender’s personality, beliefs, cultural and educational background all influence themessage and it is important for the sender to be aware of this as he or she is encoding the message.【译文】发送者的个性、信仰、文化和教育背景都会影响信息的传播，因此，当发送者信息进行编码时可以意识到这一点是非常重要的。

难点】本句是一个复合句首先它是由and连接的两个并列分句前一个分句是一个简单句，后一个分句 it is important for the sender to be aware of this as he or she is encoding the message.（当发送者在对信息进行编码的时可以意识到这一点非常重要）本身又是一个复合句这个复合句中包含有一个由 as 引导的时间状语从句：as he or she is encoding the message（当他或者她在对信息进行编码时）其中指示代词this指代的是前一个分句 the sender’s personality, beliefs, cultural and educational background allinfluence the message 所陈述的那件事情【句子】 Using the wrong channel may result in miscommunication.【译文】使用了错误的渠道有可能会导致沟通有误难点】result in导致，致使例如： The quarrel resulted in the failure of the talks. 争吵导致了谈判失败.【句子】 It is feedback that enables the sender to know whether the message was received successfully or not. 【译文】是反馈让发送者获知信息是否已经被成功接收。

难点】本句使用了强调句型这是英语中表示强调时一个很重要的句型，其结构是： it is (was)+被强调成分+that (who)+其他例如： It was in the classroom that he passed out. 他是在教室晕倒的 It is the children who cleaned the window. 是孩子们清洁了窗户Language￿NotesReading￿and￿Writing——Task￿5【句子】In conclusion, effective and successful communication takes place when the message is successfully received and the receiver provides the sender with desirable feedback. 【译文】总之，当消息被成功接收，接受者向发送者提供了满意的反馈时，沟通才是有效和成功的难点】其中连词when引导时间状语从句： when the message is successfully received and the receiver provides the sender with desirable feedback。

in conclusion 最后，综上所述例如： In conclusion, Yoga is a safe and enjoyable form of exercise. 总而言之，瑜伽是一种安全、愉快的锻炼方式Language￿NotesReading￿and￿Writing——Task￿5【句子】 This process, though very common, is fraught with potential breakdown at every turn. 【译文】这个过程虽然很常见，但却很容易出现联系中断难点】句中，让步状语从句 though very common 是省略了主语的状语从句（从句的主语和主句的主语相同时，从句的主语可以省略） Fraught with 意思相当于 filled with something unpleasant, 充满（负面的不愉快的东西）例如： He was stuck with a situation fraught with problems. 他处境艰难 at every turn 每次，总是，处处例如： He got angry at every turn. 他动不动就生气了。

Language￿NotesReading￿and￿Writing——Task￿5主谓一致主谓一致 Simply put, encoding is translating information into symbols that represent the ideas or concepts of the message that needs sending. 简单地说，编码就是把信息翻译成包含它需要传达的观点或者概念的符号 • 本句是一个复合句，需要注意其中“主谓一致”的语法现象：在主句 encoding is translating information into symbols 中，谓语动词用 be 动词的单数形式 is，而不是复数形式are动名词 encoding 作句子的主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数 that 引起的两个定语从句中，动词谓语则由 that 从句所修饰的名词的数决定 主谓一致即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致比如，主语为不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句时，谓语动词一般用单数如：• To learn Japanese well is difficult.• Serving the student is my great happiness.• When we’ll leave for Beijing has been decided.Check￿It￿OutTranslate the English sentences into Chinese.1.Effective intercultural communication tries to bridge language gaps as effectively as possible.2.He might be a pain to be around, but he is also very good at staying within budget on projects.3.Everybody has their strengths and weaknesses.4.The sender is responsible for successful conveyance.5.Effective intercultural communication helps firms avoid conflict, prevent misunderstandings, and foster respects.Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿6【句子】Effective intercultural communication tries to bridge language gaps as effectively aspossible so that everyone at the workplace finds themselves on the same page. 【译文】有效的跨文化沟通会尽可能有效地弥合语言鸿沟，使工作场所里的每个人都能达成共识。

【难点】bridge the gap弥合差距，消除隔阂例如： I want to bridge the generation gap to better communication. 我想弥合代沟促进交流 on the same page 达成共识，意见一致例如： You should not spoil our son Tom, we should stay on the same page. 你不应该惯坏汤姆，我们应该达成共识句子】 Given the inexactitude of language, misunderstandings can frequently arise between people from different cultures when they exchange information. 【译文】鉴于语言的不精确性，不同文化背景的人们之间进行信息交换时常常会产生误解 【难点】given 在本句中为介词，意思是“考虑到；鉴于”例如： Given the conditions at that time, I think he did rather well. 考虑到当时的条件, 我认为他已做得相当出色了。

Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿6Language￿Notes 【句子】When coworkers from different cultures do not take these differences into account, not only does communication suffer but conflicts come to the fore. 【译文】如果不同文化背景的同事们不考虑这些差异，不仅他们之间的交流会受到影响，而且还会发生冲突 【难点】句中，主句“ not only does communication suffer but conflicts come to the fore ”是倒装句在英语中， not only…but also结构中的 not only 部分被移至句首，则整句话要变成部分倒装句，具体变化是：把句中含有的助动词或情态动词移至主语的前面例如： Not only did she hear the helicopter, she actually saw it crash. 她不仅听见了直升机的声音，而且目睹了那架飞机坠毁。

take…into account 重视，顾及例如： Take into account his strengths and weaknesses. 要综合考虑他的优缺点Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿6Language￿NotesWorkplace Communication Skills（职场沟通技巧）（职场沟通技巧） There is a way to talk to your superiors, to your peers, and your subordinates. This is known as workplace communication skills. Courteousness: A person should always be courteous while speaking to anyone in the workplace, whether senior or junior. Courteousness should be maintained in the workplace irrespective of rank. Precision: Workplace communication should be completed as quickly as possible. It mostly consists of delegating（委派）￿tasks and reporting results. So keep it short. Language: Business communication should be crisp（简短干脆的）￿and clear so that you can be fully understood. One should avoid using slang in office, because it brings in misunderstanding and looks unprofessional. Low Speaking Volume: Speaking loudly is disturbing to other people around you, so a low speaking volume should be maintained. Workplace￿TipWorkplace￿TipClarity: It is also essential to ensure that you are completely understood. Hence, one should speak very slowly and clearly.Listen to Others: It is very important to also be a good listener and not just a good talker. When others have something to say or to discuss, listening is one of the effective communication skills at work.Posture and Body Language: Actions speak louder than words. At the workplace, thebody ought to be courteous. There are simple things to keep in mind, wishing everyone “good morning” at work, having a courteous smile on your face, being well-dressed in office, and sitting erect when someone is talking to you.Workplace￿TipWorkplace￿TipWorkplace￿TipWorkplace￿TipWriting Tips（写作技巧）（写作技巧）GeneralWhen writing, remember the following recommendations:• Use simple language.• Use simple and clear sentences.• Write well structured paragraphs (with a topic sentence, supporting details and a concluding sentence).• You may use subordinate clauses but keep them short.• Prefer active voice to passive voice.• Avoid slang language.Workplace￿TipWorkplace￿TipParagraphAs to paragraphs, keep the following rules in mind:• Concentrate on one main point per paragraph. Summarize this point in the first sentence.(Topic sentence)• All sentences that follow support the main point or limit its scope. (Supporting sentences)• The last sentence is a summary of the main point of the paragraph and is used as a transition to the next paragraph. (Concluding sentence)Workplace￿TipWorkplace￿TipTextThe typical structure of a text• (Title)• Introduction• Main part• ConclusionType of texts• Descriptive• Argumentative• Letters (personal and business letters)• Cause and effects…• NarrativeWrite a short passage about ‘‘The Importance of Effective Communication’’. You may use the following questions as guidelines.Reading￿and￿Writing——Task￿7ØHow do you think of effective communication? What factors are important in achieving it?ØWhy is effective communication important, and what benefits or side-effects can effective communication bring about for your career?Ø What is your conclusion?THANK YOU。