托福tpo阅读33文本解析下载一[完整版].doc

托福TPO阅读33文本解析下载一［完整版］托福TPO阅读33文本解析卜•载一［完整版］为人家能够顺利攻克托福阅读，小编特为大家大家整理了托福TPO阅读文木解析下载资料.包括了 TPO阅读文木解析、答案及译文.供同学们进行下载参考TP033-1-1 原文:The First CivilizationsEvidence suggests that tin importsnl stimulus behind the rise of early civilizations was the development of settled agriculture, which unleashed a scries of changes in the organization of human communities that culminated in the rise of large ancient empires・The exact time and place that crops were first cultivated successfully is uncertain. Many prehistoricins believe that farming may have emerged in dependently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their surviva1・ The first farmers, who may have 1 ived as long as 10, 000 years ago, undoubtedly used simple techniques and still relied primarily on other forms of food production, such as hunting, foraging, or pastoral ism・ The real breakthrough took place when farmers begtin to cultivate crops along the floodplains of river systems・ The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfal1 and therefore produced a more reliable harvest・ An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrienls in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a singlc plot of ground for many years without moving to a now location. Thus, the first truly sedentary (thtit is, nonmigratory) societies were born. As time went on, such communities gradually learned how to direct the flow of water to enhcince the productive capacity of the land, while the introduction of the iron plow eventually led to the cultivation of heavy soils previously susceptible to agricullure.The spread of this river valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of the first civil izat i ons. The in crease in food producti on in these regi ons led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hosti le forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale・ The need to oversee the entire process brought about the emergence of an elite that was eventually transformed into a government・The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millcnnia B. C・ in Mesopotamia, northern Africa, India, and China. How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world havediscovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of v订lages・ By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community・ In time, the "big men" become formal symbols of authority and pass on that authority to others within their own family. As the communities continuc to grow in size and material wealth, the "big menassume hereditary status, and their allies and family members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy・The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, tind way of life of the peoples living within their boundtiries・ With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergenee of the cities・ Whi le some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function,such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic localion on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritutil observeinces ・ With in these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods・ Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests ・ Tn some cases, the physical division wi th in the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere・1. The phrase aculminated in” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) reached a high point withB) logically followed fromC) ptirtly contributed toD) mcirked2.According to paragraph 2twhich of the following statements is true of early farmers?A)They usedfarming tosupplement other food sources.B) They were driven outof small communities.C)Thevwere victims of flooding.D)They farmed several pl。