
虚拟语气88828.doc
9页薄冰英语语法:虚拟语气语气的含义和种类 语气(mood)是一种动词形式,用以表示说话的意图或态度英语中的语气有三种: 1)直接语气(indicative mood),表示所说的话是事实如: (1)France lies on the windward side of Europe. 法国位于欧洲向风的一面 (2)The harsh weather last year was the result of turbulence in the upper atmosphere. 去年的恶劣气候是高空大气层的湍流造成的 2)祈使语气(imperative mood),表示所说的话是请求或命令如: (3)Make yourself at home. 请随便,不要客气表请求) (4)Don't be late. 不要迟到表命令) 3)虚拟语气(subjective mood),表示所说的话只是一种主观的愿望、假想和建议等如: (5)We only wish we could help. 我们但愿能提供帮助表愿望) (6)If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk. 假若没有动力,我们就不能行走。
表假想) (7)He suggests that we should all go to see the film. 他建议我们都去看这个电影表建议) 虚拟语气的形式 虚拟语气的基本形式共有七种 1)动词原形,用于一切人称和数如: (1)Long live the Communist Party of China! 中国共产党万岁! (2)If that be so, we shall take action at once. 如果情况是那样,我们就立即采取行动 2)动词的过去式,用于一切人称和数,be的过去式用were.如: (3)If you loved me, you wouldn't say that. 假若你爱我,你就不会说这种话 (4)If I were in your shoes, I'd accept the terms. 假若我处在你的地位,我就会接受这些条件 3)had+过去分词,用于一切人称和数如: (5)We would've called a cab if Harold hadn't offered us a ride home. 假若哈罗德不说要驾车送我们回家,我们就会叫出租车。
(6)If we had left earlier, we wouldn't have missed the train. 假若我们早点起身的话,我们是不会错过火车的 4)时态助动词should+动词原形,用于一切人称和数如: (7)They suggested that we should meet at the station. 他们建议我们在车站会面 (8)If you should see Celia, give her my best wishes. 假若你见到希莉娅的话,代我向她致以最好的祝愿 5)时态助动词should+have+过去分词,用于一切人称和数如: (9)If the steamer should have left port at noon, it will be passing through the canal now. 轮船如果中午离港,它现在大概正穿过运河 (10)It is strange that she should have done it. 真奇怪,她竟会干出这种事来 6) 动词原形如: (11)If I were you, I should take his advice. 我如是你,就会听他的忠告。
美国英语常用would代替should) (12)He said he would go if I went. 他说我去他就去 7)时态助动词should(第一人称)和would(第二、三人称)+ have+过去分词如: (13)If father hadn't sent me, I shouldn't have come. 如不是父亲派我来,我是不会来的美国英语常用would代替should) You wouldn't have seen her if it hadn't been for him. 如果不是他,你就不会见到她 [注]虚拟时态有不少与直陈语气的某些时态形式相同,但二者的内涵及其所表的时间皆不一样,切不可混淆 4) 条件句的种类 条件句有真实条件与非真实条件句两种真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的,句中的条件从句与结果主句皆用直陈语气如: (1)Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里,油就浮起来 (2)If I have enough money next year, I will go to Japan. 假若明年我有钱,我就去日本。
非真实条件句所表的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的,句中的条件从句与结果主句皆用虚拟语气现将用于非真实条件句的虚拟时态列表如下: 5) 条件从句 结果主句 与现在事实相反 If I (we, you, he, they) +动词过去式(be的过去式用were) I (we) should/you would/he would/they would+动词原形 与过去事实相反 If I (we, you, he, they) + had+过去分词 I (we) should/you would/he would/they would+ have+过去分词 与将来事实可能相反 If I (we, you, he, they) +动词过去式(be的过去式用were) I (we) should/you would/he would/they would+动词原形 [注]美国英语的结果主句,不管什么人称,皆常用would. 1)与现在事实相反的非真实条件句,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were),结果主句的谓语用should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形。
如: (3)If we left now, we should arrive in good time. 假如我们现在就走的话,我们就会及时到达 (4)If I were you, I would refuse the money. 假如我是你的话,我就不会要那钱would代替了should) (5)Even if he had the money, he wouldn't buy it. 他即使有钱也不会买它 2)与过去事实相反的非真实条件句,条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词,结果主句的谓语用should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+ have+过去分词如: (6)We would've dropped by if we had had time. 假若我们有时间的话,我们就会顺道拜访了 (7)I wouldn't have known what these were for is I hadn't been told. 假如别人不告诉我,我就不会知道这些东西是干什么的了 但虚拟式were也可表与过去事实相反如: (8)If I were not busy, I would have come. 假如我不忙,我就会来了。
表过去时间的假设亦可用虚拟式should have+过去分词,这种虚拟式所表的动作并非完全不可能发生,它只是表示一种偶然性,并常和直陈语气连用但也可与虚拟语气连用如: (9)You can imagine what would have happened to her if she should have told the truth. 你可以想像,如果她道出了真情,她的遭遇会如何 美国大众语常用would have+过去分词表示与过去事实相反的假设如: (10)If this sleeplessness would have been allowed to go on, she would have collapsed. 这种失眠如果任其发展,她就会垮掉的 3)与将来事实可能相反的非真实条件句,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were),结果主句的谓语用should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形如: (11)If you dropped the glass, it would break. 假如你把玻璃杯掉在地上,它会打碎的 (12)If you lived there for a while, you'd change your mind about that place. 假如你在那里住上一段时间,你就会改变对那地方的看法了。
[注]如无上下文,下面句中的rained有歧义,可能是表与将来事实可能相反的虚拟语气,也可能是表过去习惯的直陈语气:If it rained we would stay indoors and read. 如果下雨,我们就待在家里看书 在与将来事实相反的条件句中,其条件从句的谓语亦可用were to+动词原形这种虚拟时式比较正式,多用于书面语中,其假想性很强,实现性甚小如: (13)If he were to come, what should we say to him? 假如他来了,我们对他说什么呢? 在与将来事实相反的条件句中,其条件从句的谓语还可以用should+动词原形这种形式并不强调意愿,只强调一种有偶然实现的可能性如: (14)If he should see me, he would know me. 假如他看见我,就会认识我 这种形式往往有不为人所欢迎的含义如: (15)If he should go away, I should be grieved. 他如离去,我就会感到悲伤 有时可用would代替should,以免与结果主句中的should重复。
如: (16)If you would be interested, I should be very glad to send you a copy of my book. 你如感兴趣,我将高兴寄给你一册我的书 在这种条件句中,结果主句常用直陈语气或祈使语气如: (17)If the train should be late, what will you do? 如果火车晚点了,你将怎么办?(结果主句用疑问句) (18)If we should fall in this, we are ruined. 我们这个计划如果失败,我们就倒霉了结果主句用直陈语气) (19)If you should meet Henry, tell him I want to see him. 假如你见着亨利,告诉他我要见他结果主句用祈使语气) 关于过去式、should+动词原形与were to+动词原形这三种虚拟式的可能性孰大孰小的问题,语法家们认为它们的可能性虽都不大,但相比较,were to+动词原形的可能性最小,should+动词原形次之,过去式更次之试比较: (20)If the ship left at 。
