常用词汇和短语.doc

英文论文写作的一些常用词汇和短语差别 gaps between,differentiate between, discrepancies，存在，出现 occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present多数，少数 the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，方法 approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools发生率 Incidence, frequency, prevalence发现，阐明，报道，证实 verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize,clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate,prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation改变 change, alteration,高，增加 high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced各种， ,多种 in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors关系，相关，参与 closely involved in, associated,广泛的 in an extensive survey进行 conducte， perform, carry out,降，少，缺decreasegreatly reduced or completely absentreductionfrequently lost or down-expressedreducedpresented discontinuous and weaker expressiondiminishcompletely negativelosswas not detectable or dramatically reducedsuppressionvery faintdeficientwas undetectable or barely detectablelowno expression was foundweaklightfaintabsencelack absentdefectiveundetectablenegative角色，起作用 role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role）， serve antiapoptotic functions可能性 feasibility密切地 intimately难理解的，似谜的 enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)潜在假定的 potential, candidate, putative,缩写 abbreviations识别，辨别 discernment 事件a putative tumor initiating event a common event in the signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction processesa common event associated with the mechanisms of提供，帮助 provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in调节（失调，上调，下调）dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-regulation,推测 presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction (推论)无所不在地(表达，如 MEN1)ubiquitously显著,优先的 prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong, striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential, prevalence,prevalent,相关性related, more relevant with ，the relevance of no intergroup difference，irrespective ofThere was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage, or tumor location.Neither eNOS nor nNOS expression was associated with vascular density, tumor grade or the TNM status of the tumors.No correlations were found between bFGF and age, menopausal status, TNM or pTNM, histology, SBR grading or steroid receptors.we did not find any correlation between bax expression and any clinicopathologic parameters (sex, age, TNM status, tumor grade, histological type).相同，同等并列The coordinated induction of all three FOXO3a targets prompted us to examine the status of FOXO3a itselfwith a similar pattern to协同，加强synergize with研究 analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial, observations, assessment, inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigation into, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine, test, assess, evaluate, explore,一致which is in accord with the results which corroborated the results which supported the results优缺点 merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimental异常 aberration, abnormality重要 crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance相反On the contrary,In contrary,but quite on the contrary in sharp contrast,contrary to what would be expected Contrary to the expectation that Contrary to previous beliefs,Contrary to the hypothesis, Contrary to current popular truisms Contrary to current cognitive theories, However, contrary to expectation,…….Contrary to predictions,…in contrast to previous observations… Contrary to prediction,……Contrary to most previous claims,与一起 in combination with, coupled with由于、鉴于In light ofIn view thata)如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性 通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用 However 来引导不足，比如However, little information..little attention...little work... little data little researchor few studiesfew investigations... few researchers... few attempts...ornone of these studies has (have) been less done on ...focused on attempted toconducted investigated studied(with respect to)Previous research (studies, records) has (have)failed to consider ignored misinterpreted neglected tooverestimated, underestimated misleadedthus, these previus results areinconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial.. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。

如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：However, data is still scarce rareless accurateWe n。