英国文学史及选读(上)考试复习.doc

1Hamlet1) Hamlet is William Shakespeare’s longest play. It is often considered the greatest achievement of the world’s greatest playwright. 2) Main characters: Hamlet, Horatio (Hamlet’s true friend), Ophelia, Laertes (Ophelia’s brother), Claudius(king), Gertrude(queen), Polonius(lord), the Ghost( the old king)3)主题 ：a. RevengeThe ghost demands that the hero take revenge on Claudius. To get revenge, he must commit an evil act, which inevitably leads to his own death. b. Sexual, Moral, and Physical Corruption “Something is rotten in the state of Denmark.” Marcellus, I.4.90c. Madness and Melancholy“I am but mad north-north-west.” Hamlet, II.2.347d. Random Fortune or Divine Master Plan“There is a divinity that shapes our ends, Rough-hew them how we will --” Hamlet, V.2.10-11Death, be not proud John Donne 死神，你莫骄傲死神，你莫骄傲，尽管有人说你如何强大，如何可怕，你并不是这样；你以为你把谁谁谁打倒了，其实，可怜的死神，他们没死；你现在也还杀不死我。

休息、睡眠，这些不过是你的写照，既能给人享受，那你本人提供的一定更多；我们最美好的人随你去得越早，越能早日获得身体的休息，灵魂的解脱你是命运、机会、君主、亡命徒的奴隶，你和毒药、战争、疾病同住在一起，罂粟和咒符和你的打击相比，同样，甚至更能催我入睡；那你何必趾高气扬呢？睡了一小觉之后，我们便永远觉醒了，再也不会有死亡，你死神也将死去Analyses: 该诗以语意的逐层递进为特点，由三组四行诗和一个偶句组成第一组四行诗以 拟人 的手法呼吁死神不要骄傲， （ “Death, be not proud”）起句突兀，表达了对死神的嘲笑和蔑视，然后立刻指出死神不应骄傲的第一条理由： For those, whom thou think’st thou dost overthrow, Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.”第二组四行诗指出死神无需骄傲的另一条理由：死亡不过是更安逸的休息、更甜美的睡眠， “Much pleasure, then from thee much more must f low,”人们都会争着希望得到身体的休息，灵魂的解脱， “Rest of their r bones, and soul’s delivery.”第三组四行诗嘲笑死神奴隶般的从属地位： “Thou’rt slave to Fate, chance, kings, and desperate men, And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,”并以罂粟和咒符来衬托死神的无能为力： “And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well, And better than thy stroke”既然这样，你何必趾高气扬呢？ “why swell’st thou then?”这三组四行诗以不同的理由对死神威胁的解构确实已非同一般。

然而，接下来的偶句并不放过对死神的最后一击：睡一小觉之后，我们便永远觉醒了，再也不会有死亡，不可一世的死神将走向2自身的死亡， “And Death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die.”诗歌的说理递进模式在此戛然而止，生与死原有意义上的关系彻底逆转：死亡是瞬间的，将很快不复存在，而死后的欢乐则是永恒的，人对于死亡的畏惧变成了死亡自身的恐惧，死亡对于人来说不过是通往幸福永生的大门这种强烈的戏剧化效果和反讽意味的获得最终是通过悖论语言实现的In this poem, Donne uses a variety of poetic elements. These elements function in enhancing the work’s unconventional theme of man's superiority over death.Throughout the poem, there is a strong use of assonance, the repetition of vowel sound within a phrase. The sound of the words helps in structuring Donne's writing. Nearly every line contains a repetition of "o" sounds. In the following line, an example of this device is clear: “Die not poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me." The frequent use of assonance does not directly enhance the poem's theme, yet it does help convey its message more vividly by making the lines flow, thus allowing the reader to understand each stanza more easily. Since each individual line and its associated thought are easy to understand, the central idea of the entire poem is easy to understand too. John Donne effectively uses tone to enhance the poem's theme. The work has a tone of triumphant confidence and defiance in the face of death. Donne boldly denounces death, making it clear that he is not controlled by the fear of it as others often are. Although many may believe death to be mighty and dreadful, he feels this is not so. Donne sees death as being dependent on mankind for its survival. Death relies on fate, chance unfortunate occurrences, the legislation of kings, and the actions of desperate men to claim its victims. This dependence in itself is a weakness, in that death is not self-supporting, yet relies on certain aspects of the lives of people. Donne's final and most derogatory comment comes in the poem's final lines where he portrays death as nothing more than a transition into an eternally vast afterlife; Death is a short sleep from which we wake forever. It is nothing to fear in this situation. And, in this afterlife, death no longer exists or poses a threat. Death itself dies. All of these examples of Donne's use of tone greatly enhance the poem's theme that man is superior to death. Death's intimidation is diminished as he points out its weaknesses one by one and bravely faces it head on.It is also something not commonly personified and spoken to. The combination of a personified Death and the reference to it by means of apostrophe is very effective and crucial to the poem's theme. Donne is better able to profess (openly declare) his superiority over death by showing it as a human adversary, capable of defeat, rather than an uncontrollable natural force. His desire to prove his freedom from the imprisonment of fear is visible in the angry and arrogant monologue he presents to death in his poem. Donne’s feelings are better expressed in a situation which people can relate to — a confrontation in which one party addresses another. The superiority theme is enhanced as a result of this man-versus –man conflict depiction.The central theme: Man is superior to Death死亡是瞬间的，将很快不复存在，而死后的欢乐则是永恒的，人对于死亡的畏惧变成了死亡自身的恐惧，死亡对于人来说不过是通往幸福永生的大门。

这种强烈的戏剧化效果和反讽意味的获得最终是通过。