《楚辞》的研究三题.doc

《楚辞》研究三题35 / 35.__龚俅指导力之教授.专业：中国古典文献学方向：先秦文学与文献年级：2004.中文摘要"楚辞"作为一个专有名词的出现,当与语词的搭配和使用习惯有关汉人虽舍"楚赋"之名,但"楚辞"实为楚之赋,它是多位作家赋作的一种特殊组合《楚辞》一书的体例具有统一性,它收录屈原的全部作品,其非屈作则皆代屈原抒情《史记・屈原贾生列传》"皆好辞而以赋见称"之"辞"乃指文辞,并非所谓文体意义上的"楚辞"《汉书・艺文志》刘向所引《传》曰："不歌而颂谓之赋"是我们考察赋之概念的重要出发点历史地看,"诵"具有"讽谏"的特定内涵"赋之言铺"的"铺"在文学领域里原指陈述情志,而"铺采摛文"不是赋的应有之义王逸在《哀郢》注中提及"皆解于《九辩》中"实有其故不能据此断《楚辞・释文》之篇次乃古本篇次当代楚辞学大家汤炳正先生《楚辞》分阶段成书说乃因误解而来,其说不足以否定王逸成说王逸《招隐士序》其义明顺,它强调的是XX小山在共时性的心理时空平台下招屈的创作依据；代屈原而"章"其"志"是《招隐士》得入《楚辞》而《吊屈原赋》等不得入之重要原因；从屈原幽隐山中的悲凄身世和时人对隐士的认识与接受等角度考察之,屈原被称为"隐士"没有任何问题,《招隐士》所招对象为屈说不容置疑；以《文选》、《艺文类聚》等否定XX小山的著作权,似得而实失。

关键词： 屈原楚辞 《楚辞》 考辨I.Abstract"Chu Ci" appears as a proper noun is concern with word’s matching and usedcustom. The people in Han dynasty gave up using the name "Chu Fu",but "Chu Ci"is the "Fu" of"Chu"actually."Chu Ci" is one kind of special combination of several.writers’ work. The style of Chu Cihas the unity ."Chu Ci"includes all work of Qu.Yuan and the non-Qu Yuan also wrote as Qu Yuan."The biography of Qu Yuan and JiaSheng"in"Shi Ji"said "they who like Ci are all famous with Fu", and this "Ci"means elegance in writing not "Chu Ci" in Literary style.Liu Xiang said that Fu was not sing but extoled in"Yi Wen Zhi" in"Han Shu".Which is important starting point of inspects the concept of Fu.Looked from the historical angle, Song" means admonish. Somebody said Fumean arrange term. It means expressing emotion in literary. While the meaning ofarrange is not its original meaning.Wang Yi said it come from"JiuBian"has its reason Actually when he interpreted"Ai Ying".But we cannot judge the order of"Chu Ci"and the order of the old bookaccording it. Contemporary famous scholar Tang Bing-zheng said"Chu Ci" isCarries on writing according to the stage . His idea cannot deny the viewpoint ofWang Yi.The preface of "Zhao yin shi" wrote by Wang Yi which emphasizes the creationbasis of HuainanXiaoshan summons Qu Yuan . "Zhao yin shi" was took in "Chu ci"while "Diao Qu Yuan fu" was not took into the article , the important reason for itwas that "Zhao yin shi" expressed the idea instead of Qu Yuan. Considering thatQuan Yuan’s sad life for living in seclusion as well as the others’ understanding andacceptance about reclusive people, it had any problem that Quan Yuan was calledreclusive person and the person for recruiting in "Zhao yin shi" was Qu Yuan.Somebody denied copyright of Huainan Xiaoshan according to "Wen xuan" and "Yiwen lei ju", it seemed correct but was wrong in fact.Key words: Qu Yuan; Chu ci; "Chu ci"; verifyII.第一章楚辞与赋之关系考论.在"楚辞学"与"赋学"的研究中,楚辞与赋的含义及其关系,屈作与楚辞和屈作与赋之关系等皆是首当其冲而备受学人关注的问题。

然而,由于问题的相对复杂性等原因,这些问题至今仍悬而未决,颇有继续探讨之必要解决这些问题需要正确的视角与思路在本章中,笔者拟在梳理和阐释相关文献的基础上,从文学史自身运动变化的角度对此予以辨析澄清一、" 楚辞"辨名"楚辞"之名,据现有材料,最早见于司马迁《史记》,其《酷吏列传》云："始长史朱买臣,会稽人也读《春秋》,庄助使人言买臣,买臣以‘楚辞’与助俱幸"[1]〔P3143《汉书・朱买臣传》所载类此："会邑子严助贵幸,荐买臣召见,说《春秋》,言‘楚辞’,帝甚悦之"[2]〔P2791又,《汉书・王褒传》："宣帝时修武帝故事,讲论六艺群书,博尽奇异之好征能为‘楚辞’,XX被公召见诵读"[2]〔P2821相对而言,《汉书・地理志》说"楚辞"较详：寿春、XX受南北湖皮革、鲍、木之输,亦一都会也始楚贤臣屈原被谗放流,作《离骚》诸赋以自伤悼后有宋玉、唐勒之属慕而述之,皆以显名汉兴,高祖王兄 子濞于吴,招致天下之娱游子弟,枚乘、邹阳、严夫子之徒兴于文、景之际而XX安亦都寿春,招宾客着书而吴有严助、朱买臣,贵显汉朝,文辞并发,故.世传"楚辞"其失巧而少信[2]〔P1668.这段文字,诚所谓"虽出自东汉班固,乃是一种追记,但言之凿凿,可以直视为一部早期的《楚辞简史》"〔李诚《楚辞文心管窥・〈楚辞〉之成书》评语。

此外,王逸《九辩序》则从史的角度叙述了"楚词"的源流：九者,阳之数,道之纲纪也…… 屈原怀忠贞之性 ,而被谗邪……而作《九歌》、《九章》之颂,以讽谏怀王明己所言,与天地合度,可履而行也宋玉者,屈原弟子也,闵惜其师忠而放逐,故作《九辩》以述其志至于汉兴,刘向、王褒之徒,咸悲其文,依而作词,故号为"楚词"[3]〔P182古人"辞""词"可以通用,《九辩序》之"楚词"亦即"楚辞"不难发现,"楚辞"之"辞"乃文辞之义,《地理志》"文辞并发,故世传‘楚辞’"和《九辩序》"依而作词,故号为‘楚词’"云云言之甚明且"楚辞"又称"楚词"本身亦说明了这一点〔刘师培《论文杂记》："凡古籍‘言辞’、‘文辞’诸字,古字莫不作‘词’又,我们知道,汉人对屈作和《楚辞》中的非屈作恒称之曰"赋"如司马迁《史记・屈原贾生列传》称"〔屈原乃作《怀沙》之赋"；《汉书・贾谊传》云"屈原,楚贤臣也,被谗放逐,作《离骚》1.赋"；《汉书・艺文志》云"大儒孙卿及楚臣屈原离谗忧国,皆作赋以风,咸有恻隐古诗之义"、"屈原赋二十五篇"；前引《地理志》云"作《离骚》诸赋以自伤悼"；班固《离骚赞序》云"〔屈原又作《九章》赋以讽谏"；扬雄以为"赋莫深于《离骚》；王充云"今尚书郎班固……赋象屈原、贾生"；王逸序《招隐士》云"小山之徒,悯伤屈原……故作《招隐士》之赋,以章其志也"；应劭《风俗通义》云"屈原作《离骚》之赋,自投汨罗"等等,皆其例也。

而从《地理志》对"楚辞"的叙述来看〔《九辩序》亦然,"楚辞"实是屈宋等赋作的总称名那么,汉人为什么不称这些作品为"楚赋"而以"楚辞"名之呢？或曰：楚辞之"辞"系从屈赋中的"乱曰"之"乱"而来然诚如汤炳正先生所云："但是大量典籍说明,古代乐章之尾,确有‘乱’的名称,不能以‘词’或‘辞’代之".[4]〔P59有论者从战国时的游说风气大胜考察之："其所以称‘辞’,乃是由于屈原作品与战.国策士辩说之辞有某些相通之处"[5]〔P37但"赋"与战国策士游说之辞相通之处亦不少又或从春秋战国时期"辞"的两大特征予以考察："一是语义委婉含蓄,多用比兴寄托；二是语言文采绚丽,多用铺陈夸饰以屈宋辞作为主的‘楚辞’文辞丽雅,微婉多谲,且多比兴之义,……汉人以‘辞’名屈、宋楚辞,显然与‘辞’的上述两个特征有着内在联系"[6]〔P19但"文辞丽雅,微婉多谲"不正是"赋"的特征吗？且相对而言,"赋"的这个特征更突出,故此说亦非圆照我们认为,"楚辞"作为一个专有名词的出现,当与语词的搭配和使用习惯有关两汉时代,虽有辞赋并称和以辞该赋的情况,但因二者所指实有不同,故其使用场合也有所不同,并不能完全替代和互换具体说来,"赋"是与某作家名称连用构成"某某赋"的形式,如"屈原赋"、"宋玉赋"、"刘向赋"、"王褒赋"等,但"赋"并不与"楚"连用构成"楚赋"。

反之,"辞"可与"楚"相配构成"楚辞",但并不以如"屈原辞""宋玉辞""刘向辞"等与作家名称相连的形式指称作家之作品盖因"楚"能包摄多位作家,而"辞"作为文辞之义,其外延亦比"赋"大,根据大词与大词,小词与小词对应组合之构词原则而各得其名汉代既已习用如"屈原赋"等语词,而"楚"之名与单个作家名在概念上不①应注意到"楚辞"是作为一个集合名词而存在的,断不能用它来指称单个作家的赋作明乎此,便知班固何以一边说"作《离骚》诸赋",一边说"世传‘楚辞’"汉人虽舍"楚赋"之名,但"楚辞"实则为"楚"之"赋",它是作家赋作的一种特殊组合,并非文体名然今之学者多有以"辞"为"楚辞"且断"辞"为文体名者,其主要文献依据出自《史记・屈原贾生列传》：屈原既死之后,楚有宋玉、唐勒、景差之徒,皆好辞而以赋见称,然皆祖屈原之从容辞令,终莫敢直谏。