德国汽车工业质量标准VDA 16_en
Quality Management in the Automobile Industry Decorative Surfaces of Attachment trim; framings; bumper and side protection strips; radiator grills; decorative grills) ? panels (including mirrors) ? covers ? actuator elements (e.g., knobs; levers; switches; door-handles) ? roof moulding strips ? roof racks; rear luggage rack system ? emblems; lettering; plates The document also considers components and surface-related comple- mentary parts. Any associated, material-related features to the visible sur- face are taken into account in this VDA document, only to the extent that they do not exclude or contradict typical automobile industry standards. 9 In terms of the type of surface, this VDA document considers the following manufacturing processes: ? anodising ? powder coating (EPS) ? wet painting ? extrusion ? injection moulding ? galvanising ? plasma processes (evaporation; sputter; CVD; PVD) This VDA document does not take account of all aspects of colour determi- nation/colour metrics in respect of painted attachment parts. In this connec- tion, the reader is referred to existing directives issued by OEMs and vari- ous trade associations, as well as to relevant international standards. 4 Assessment Zones The assessment zone(s) must be specified in the component drawing and/or with the data model. The following table sets out a possible differentiation between zones, based on components and the significance/weighting of the defect. ZONE DEFINITION POSITION A Surfaces in areas which are immediately visible External: Vehicle above the observers waistline, ex- tended if appropriate to cover specific posi- tioning Internal: All parts in the direct line of sight of persons in the vehicle B Surfaces which are in a con- cealed area, or are not no- ticeable in a normal position. (arc of observation 0.5 mm - 0.8 mm 1 2 medium 0.3 mm - 0,4 mm, are not counted. Accumulations (more than 2 per 25 cm2) are not permitted. In Zone A, 2 defects not extending in any direction 0,5 mm permitted per part, provided their spacing is 200 mm. In Zone B, 2 defects not extending in any direction 0,7 mm permitted per part, provided their spacing is 100 mm. For small parts of a size fitting within a closed circle of 200 mm circumfer- ence, the following restrictions apply: Zone A: max. 2 defects not extending in any direction 0,5 mm on sur- faces up to 25 mm2 max. 3 defects not extending in any direction 0,5 mm on sur- faces over 25 mm2 Zone B: max. 2 defects not extending in any direction 0,7 mm on sur- faces up to 25 mm2 max. 3 defects not extending in any direction 0,7 mm on sur- faces over 25 mm2 23 10.3 Illustrations of Characteristics See attached CD-ROM. 10.4 Bibliography Among other documents, the following relevant research papers have been taken into account in the preparation of this specification : (The reports contain references to further literature) ? Heinz Schmidke: The Ergonomics Manual (chapter dealing with workloads and stresses)/Section 3.5: “Problems with Wakefulness“ ? Prof. Dr. med. E. Grandjean: Physiological Layout of the Work- Place, Chapter 9.3: ”Long-Term Attentiveness” ? Dr. phil. Martin Schütte: Visual Quality Checking flash Description of Characteristics, Defect Recognition Item 14Grittiness Item 15Hairline scratches Description of Characteristics, Defect Recognition Item 16Contact/gripping points (caused by the process) Item 17Scratches;scoring Description of Characteristics, Defect Recognition Item 18Paint runs/ streaks Item 19Lens-like paint marks Description of Characteristics, Defect Recognition Item 20Thin coating areas Item 21Fissures No example Description of Characteristics, Defect Recognition Item 22Pin-holes Item 23Nickel patches Description of Characteristics, Defect Recognition Item 24Orange peel“ Item 25Oxide lines Description of Characteristics, Defect Recognition Item 26Pimpling/Inclusions Item 27Pigmentation problem No example Description of Characteristics, Defect Recognition Item 28Various polishing Item 28aStippling No example No example Description of Characteristics, Defect Recognition Item 28bDulling Item 28cHolograms No example No example Description of Characteristics, Defect Recognition Item 28dPolishing patches Item 29Polishing fish“ / Comet tail No example Description of Characteristics, Defect Recognition Item 30Polishing lines Item 31Pores No example Description of Characteristics, Defect Recognition Item 32Indication of seams/seamwelds Item 33Scour marks No example Description of Characteristics, Defect Recognition Item 34Step marks Item 35Striations; streaks No example Description of Characteristics, Defect Recognition Item 36Graininess Item 37Corrugations No example Description of Characteristics, Defect Recognition Item 38Smears; Cloudiness/Haziness Item 39 Variations in coating thickness No example Description of Characteristics, Defect Recognition Item 40 Local collapsation Item 41 Mould flow lines No example No example Description of Characteristics, Defe