中国英语学习者语料库CLEC桂诗杨惠中

word中国英语学习者语料库CLEC收集了包括中学生、大学英语4级和6级、专业英语低年级和高年级在内的5种学生的语料一百多万词，并对言语失误进展标注。其目的就是观察各类学生的英语特征和言语失误的情况，希望通过定量和定性的方法对中国学习者英语作出较为准确的描写，为我国学生的英语教学提供有用的反应信息。表1 CLEC语料分布类型词次ST2208088ST3209043ST4212855ST5214510ST6226106总计1070602    言语失误标注原如此 1.         简单合理，易于系统操作。参与标注的人比拟多，分类表过于繁复，就难于掌握。我们采取两级分类，第一级有11类：词形fm、动词短语vp、名词短语np、代词pr、形容词短语aj、副词ad、介词短语pp、连词cj、词汇wd、搭配cc、句子sn。每一类里再用数目字细分。如cc为词语搭配不当，cc1表示名词和名词的搭配，cc2表示名词和动词的搭配，cc3表示动词和名词的搭配，等等。 2.         分类表的类别要适中。过粗容易统一，但信息太少，不利于分析学习者的失误/过细难以统一，容易把同一种失误归到不同类别。目前我们采取的方法是对常见的失误从细如vp和np都有9小类，对少见的失误从粗如cj只有两小类。现在的分类表有61个失误码，是属于中等规模的分类表。 3.      提供足够的失误信息失误本身、失误类型和失误发生X围。例如In the past, people are vp6, 4- kind to each other, 失误用方括号表示，放在失误之后。 vp6In the past, people are vp6,4-kind to each other，vp6，4- are为vp动词第6种时态失误，4-为失误发生的X围，-表示失误的位置，4表示失误前有4个词。要联系这4个词，才能判断areare这个词用错了。 4.      开放性。容许研究者根据需要对失误类型进展补充或进一步再分出细类。例如sn8为句子结构有缺陷，研究者可以对这种失误再分为假如干细类来研究。这需要把sn8的失误全部检索出来，然后定出第三级的分类X畴，如sn81，sn82，等等。5.         对语体或失误的来由暂不作标注，因为这需要标注者较多的主观判断，更难以统一。言语失误分类表总数：61词形动词短语名词短语代词码类型码类型码类型码类型fm1 Spelling vp1 pattern np1 pattern pr1 Reference fm2 word building vp2 set phrase np2 set phrase pr2 anticipatory itfm3 capitalization vp3 agreement np3 agreement pr3 Agreement   vp4 finite/non-finite np4 case pr4 Case   vp5 non-finite np5 countability pr5 wh-   vp6 tense np6 number pr6 Indefinite   vp7 voice np7 article     vp8 mood np8 quantifiers     vp9 modal/auxiliary np9 other determiners   形容词短语副词介词短语连词码类型码类型码类型码类型aj1 pattern ad1 order pp1 pattern cj1 pattern aj2 set phrase ad2 modification pp2 set phrase cj2 set phrase aj3 degree ad3 degree     aj4 -ed/-ing confusion       aj5 predicative/attributive       词语搭配句子码类型码类型码类型wd1order cc1 noun/noun sn1 run-on sentence wd2 part of speech cc2 noun/verb sn2 sentence fragment wd3 substitution cc3 verb/noun sn3 dangling modifier wd4 absence cc4 adj/noun sn4 illogical parison wd5 redundancy cc5 verb/adv sn5 topic prominence wd6 repetition cc6 adv/adj sn6 Coordination wd7 ambiguity   sn7 Subordination     sn8 structural deficiency     sn9 Punctuation 标注说明 码分类类别说明fm1wordSpelling拼写spelling, coinage, abbreviation, apostrophefm2wordword building构词derivation, inflection, pounding, plurality (noun), irregularity(verb), 3rd person singular form(verb), syllabification, hyphenation, word division or fusion     fm3wordCapitalization大小写lower initial letter for upper initial letter or vice versavp1vb phrPattern与物性型式error in transitivity(vi as vt or vice versa), transitive verb pattern/ grammatical(cf Oxford advanced learners dictionary of current English edited by A. S. Hornby)vp2vb phrset phrase固定词组phrasal verb and verbal phrase: error in form or usevp3vb phrAgreement主谓一致性number agreement with its subject (noun or pronoun)vp4vb phrfinite/non-finite定式finite verb for non-finite verb or vice versavp5vb phrnon-finite不定式infinitive error: form and use/ infinitive for participle or vice versa/ -ed participle for -ing participle or vice versavp6vb phrTense时态error in tense use within a sentence/ the sequence of tenses between sentencesvp7vb phr voice 语态error in the use of voice: active for passive or vice versavp8vb phrMood语气error in the use of mood: imperative, subjunctive/ improper structure of conditional sentencesvp9vb phrmodal/auxiliary情态misuse of modal/auxiliary verbs/ wrong form of modal verb(or auxiliary verb) and verb bination (e.g tense form, voice form, etc)np1nn phrPattern名词型式Error in bination with other words/grammaticalnp2nn phrset phrase固定词组omission or replacement of a fixed element that goes after a certain nounnp3nn phrAgreement主谓一致性number agreement of a noun with its determiner or a word that refers to itnp4nn phrCase格possessive case error: form or usenp5nn phrCountability可数性uncountable noun used as countable nounnp6nn phrNumber数countable noun used with no determiner or -s/ a or -s with plural nounnp7nn phrArticle冠词a/an confusion or definite/indefinite confusionnp8nn phrQuantifiers数量词misuse or confusion between many/much, (a) few/(a) little, some/any, etcnp9nn phrother determiners其他限定词misuse or confusion of demonstratives, wh- determiners, numerals, etc.pr1pronReference指称incorrect/ambiguous pronoun reference/anaphoricpr2pronanticipatory it先行itimproper or wrong use of anticipatory it / it replaced