英语四六级典藏笔记（3）
目录英语四六级典藏笔记（3）外刊时文卫报时文. 1哈佛商业评论时文.4科学美国人时文.7经济学人时文 .10 外刊时文卫报时文Sleep is surprisingly little understood. Scientists still havent agreed on how itevolved, or what its purpose is. What we do know, however, is that it is vital and that many of us arent getting enough.This is partly a symptom of what I call “the great acceleration” the speedingup of everyday life, driven largely by technology. As we work and play harder,sleep gets squeezed out. Studies show that were getting less and worse sleep:in one survey only 15% of Britons said they felt refreshed by it.Weve all read the warnings about reading iPhones in bed. But while thats partof the problem, theres something much bigger going on. What we think of asthe body clock isnt one clock at all. Its billions of them embedded into our everycell. This is why we get jet lag: those billions of clocks, and the processes theygovern (such as digestion or light-dark perception), get out of kilter with eachother.The great acceleration has nudged our bodies out of synch with the day/nightcycle and the result is what experts call social jet lag. We live at “work oclock”,wrenching ourselves back to normal at weekends. According to Till Roenneberg,one of the worlds leading sleep researchers, “the majority of the population inthe industrialized world” suffers from this “forced synchrony” and pays theprice in terms of health and wellbeing since those clocks also control vitalprocesses such as detoxification or DNA repair.The more antisocial your schedule, the greater the problems. Shift work is nowclassified as a probable carcinogen by the World Health Organization, followingmonitoring of night workers such as nurses as well as studies in which micewere forced to flip their day/night cycle. As well as increased cancer risk, the1/ 12 外刊时文animals developed all kinds of other problems and had shorter life spans.Long night shifts have been held responsible for all manner of accidents,including Chernobyl (where the workers had been on duty for at least 13 hours).One of the key symptoms of sleep deprivation just like being drunk is thatyou dont realize how badly off you are. When scientists monitored juniordoctors at night, they found “micro-sleep” events happening all over theirbrains: they would be partly or largely asleep in the middle of conversations,and even operations.So how can we fix this? We do need to look after night workers better and putdown the iPhone before bed. But we can also find and follow our “chronotype”.Being a lark or an owl is not just a matter of psychological preference, itsgenetically determined. Some of us tend to feel more awake and alert late on;others spring up at the crack of dawn.本文选自 2016 年 4 月卫报中一篇题为睡眠、科学和如何打败社会时差的文章。参考译文：出人意料地，人类对于睡眠的了解微乎其微。关于睡眠是如何演化和其目的是什么，科学家始终没有达成一致。但是我们确实知道的是，它至关重要的，并且我们中的大多数人都没有得到足够的睡眠。这就是我们所谓“伟大的加速”的症状之一，技术从很大程度上促使我们提高了日常生活的速度。我们拼命地工作，尽情地玩，睡眠时间却被挤占了。研究表明我们睡眠更少了而且睡眠质量更差了：一项调查表明，只有 15%的英国人睡醒后感到活力焕发。我们都读到过不能在床上看苹果手机的警告。但尽管这是问题的一部分，但是还有更加严重的问题存在。我们所认为的生物钟根本不是一个时钟，它是存在于我们每一个细胞中的数十亿个时钟。这就是为什么我们会有时差感：那数十亿个时钟以及他们管理的过程（比如消化或者光明暗感觉），彼此间失去平衡。2/ 12 外刊时文这个伟大的加速让我们的身体脱离了昼/夜循环的周期同步，其结果是产生专家所谓的社会时差。我们生活在“工作时间”里，然后强迫自己在周末恢复正常。世界领先顶尖的睡眠研究人员之一，Till Roenneberg,指出：“工业社会的大多数人”都受到这个“强制同步”的影响，在健康和幸福上付出了很大的代价，因为生物钟控制着诸如排毒和 DNA 修复这样关键的过程。你的日程越脱离社会，问题就会越严重。世界卫生组织通过对上夜班的护士进行监测，并且对被迫不停日夜进行颠倒的老鼠进行了研究之后，把倒班工作制度列为一个可能的致癌因素。除了癌症风险增加，接受实验的动物身上出现了各种问题，而且寿命偏短。长时间的夜班导致了各种各样工作事故的发生，比如切尔诺贝利事件（事发时相关人员已经工作了至少 13 小时）。睡眠不足的一个主要症状-就像醉酒一样-就是你自己意识不到你自己的状况有多糟糕。当科学家们在夜里观测初级医师时，科学家们发现这些医生一直处于 “微睡眠”状态：他们在说话甚至手术时，会进入半睡眠甚至完全睡着的状态。那么我们如何来解决这个问题？我们确实需要更加关心夜班工作者，然后在上床睡觉前放下苹果手机。但是我们需要发现并顺应我们的“时型”。做一个早起的云雀还是晚睡的猫头鹰不只是心理偏好，这是基因决定的。有的人在晚上会很清醒和警觉，有的人在则会在破晓时分更精神。3/ 12 外刊时文哈佛商业评论时文When organizations get into big trouble, fixing the culture is usually theprescription. Thats what most everyone said General Motors needed to do afterits recall crisis in 2014and ever since, CEO Mary Barra has been focusing oncreating “the right environment” to promote accountability and head off futuredisasters. Cultural reform has likewise been proposed as the solution toexcessive use of force by police departments, unethical behavior in banks, andjust about any other major organizational problem you can think of. All eyes areon culture as the cause and the cure.But the corporate leaders we have interviewedcurrent and former CEOs whohave
