危险性分析的原则及其在食品安全中的应用PPT课件

【WORKSHOP ON AGRO-FOOD SAFETY ISSUES 2002.10.9-11】General Principle & Application of Risk Analysis on Food Safety 危险性分析的原则及其在食品危险性分析的原则及其在食品安全中的应用安全中的应用1Food safety a global concernnFood ingredients and products sourced around the worldn食物原料和产品来源于世界各地nFood control measures not the same everywheren各地的食品安全控制措施不同nFood safety may be perceived differently in different parts of the worldn不同地域对食品安全的认识不同nCan obstruct international traden国际贸易受阻2CAC & WTOnSPS和TBT协议是WTO成员在国际贸易中必须遵循的多边协定n应用卫生与植物卫生措施协定, SPS Sanitary / Phytosanitary Measures Agreement n贸易技术壁垒协议, TBT The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade3WHO要求各会员国：n在食品安全行动之下，重点制定和评估国家的控制战略，支持发展评估与食品相关风险的科学，包括分析与食源性疾病相关的高危因素；要最大可能利用发展中国家在食源性因素危险性评估方面的信息以制定国际标准。4Risk analysis why ?为什么要进行危险性分析nFood safety of increasing concernn食品安全被广为关注nMove towards a risk based approachn趋向于对危险性的研究nDecision making based on sound sciencen基于科学基础上的决策5Risk Analysis - what is it?A process consisting of 3 components: nrisk assessment 危险性评估 nrisk management 危险性管理 nrisk communication 危险性信息交流6Risk Analysis ParadigmRisk AssessmentRisk ManagementRisk Communication Science based Policy based Interactive exchange of information and opinions 7Risk Assessment (CAC, 1997)危险性评估nA scientifically based processn科学评估的程序nThe evaluation of the potential for adverse effects on human or animal health arising from the presence of additives, contaminants, toxins or disease-causing organisms in food, beverages or feedstuffs. (WTO)n评估食品、饮料、饲料中的添加剂、污染物、毒素或病原菌对人群或动物潜在副作用的科学程序。8Risk Management (CAC, 1997) 危险性管理nThe process, distinct from risk assessment, of weighing policy alternatives, in consultation with all interested parties, considering risk assessment and other factors relevant for the health protection of consumers and for the promotion of fair trade practices, and, if needed, selecting appropriate prevention and control options.n在危险性评估的科学基础上，为保护消费者健康、促进国际食品贸易而采取的预防和控制措施。 9Risk Communication危险性信息交流nThe interactive exchange of information and opinions throughout the risk analysis process concerning hazards and risks, risk related factors and risk perceptions, among risk assessors, risk managers, consumers, industry, the academic community and other interested parties, including the explanation of risk assessment findings and the basis of risk management decisionsn在危险性评估者，危险性管理者，消费者，企业，学术团体和其他组织间就危害、危险性，与危险性相关的因素和理解等进行广泛的信息和意见沟通，包括危险性评估的结论和危险性管理决策。 10危险性评估程序Risk Assessment危害的确定Hazard Identification 危害的特征描述Hazard Characterization暴露量评估Exposure Assessment危险特征的描述Risk Characterization11Hazard (CAC, 1997)危害nA biological, chemical or physical agent in, or condition of, food with the potential to cause an adverse health effect. n食品中可能存在的影响人体健康的生物、化学、物理因素，或状况。12Hazards in FoodnMicroorganismsn细菌nFungi and mycotoxinsn真菌和真菌毒素nViruses and parasitesn病毒和寄生虫nToxic plants and animalsn有毒动植物nPotential environmental toxicantsn潜在的环境有毒化学污染物13Hazard characterisation (CAC, 1997)危害特征的描述nThe qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation of the nature of the adverse health effects associated with the hazard. For the purpose of Microbiological Risk Assessment the concerns relate to microorganisms and their toxins. n微生物危害的定性（半定量）、定量评估14Exposure Assessment (CAC, 1997)暴露评估nThe qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation of the likely intake of biological, chemical and physical agents via food as well as exposures from other sources if relevant. n从食物或相关来源摄入生物、化学和物理因子的定性、定量评估15Risk Characterization(CAC,1997)危险性特征的描述nThe process of determining the qualitative and/or quantitative estimation, including attendant uncertainties, of the probability of occurrence and severity of known or potential adverse health effects in a given population based on hazard identification, hazard characterization and exposure assessment. n在危害的识别、危害的特征描述和暴露评估的基础上确定事件暴发的概率和严重性，或对健康产生潜在不良影响的定性和/定量评估的过程。16 Risk management 危险性管理4 Elements：nRisk evaluationn危险性评价nRisk management options assessmentn危险性管理选项评估nImplementation n执行nMonitoring and reviewn监测和回顾17Implementation执行nCan be done by both government officials and the food industryn可被政府官方和食品企业执行nImplementation will take different forms depending what decisions have been takenn执行将根据已定的决议采取不同形式nMRA may be useful in implementationninformation on product pathogen pathwaynin particular exposure assessment can be a valuable information sourcenMRA在执行中的作用n病原菌产生的途径n特别是暴露评估可作为有价值的信息来源18Monitoring and Review监测与评议nAssess effectiveness of measures takenn评估所用方法的效率nprovides more datan提供更多数据nprovides information need to review risk management decision and if needed risk assessmentn提供信息，以便评议危险性管理决议及是否需要危险性评估19Risk Analysis-who uses itnA tool for use primarily by governments 各国政府 nprotect consumer health保护消费者健康nmaintain confidence in internationally traded food (market maintenance) - harmonization, mutual recognition, equivalence 维持在国际食品贸易中的信心-一体、共识、平等nAt international level 国际水平nWTO - use risk assessment techniques developed by relevant international organizations 国际贸易中采用由相关国际组织建立的危险性评估技术nused by standard setting bodies (Codex)被国际标准指定团体所采用20C