美国essay写作-美国的科技管理体制

essay写作网（www.lxws.net）-专业留学生作业辅导中心美国essay写作-美国的国防科技管理体制As the situation and tasks change, the defense science and technology management system of the United States is constantly reformed and improved, and its development and evolution can be roughly divided into the following stages. Second, from 1940 to 1970, due to the needs of the war and the important role played by science and technology in the war during World War II, the United States quickly established a research and development system for military purposes. The long cold war after World War II made the United States enter a period of scientific and technological activities with military technology as the core. Third, during the transition period from 1970 to 1988, due to the changes in the world situation, the United States constantly adjusted its science and technology policy, and its science and technology management system also changed accordingly. Fourth, since the end of the cold war, the post-cold war international balance of power and the world pattern have undergone major changes. In the face of economic globalization and rapid development of new and high technologies, the American defense science and technology policy has undergone major adjustments.随着形势和任务的变化，美国国防科技管理体制不断改革和完善，其发展演变大致可分为以下几个阶段。第二，从1940年到1970年，由于战争的需要和科学技术在第二次世界大战中发挥的重要作用，美国迅速建立了军事研究与开发体系。二战后漫长的冷战使美国进入了以军事技术为核心的科技活动时期。第三，从1970年到1988年的转型时期，由于世界形势的变化，美国不断调整其科技政策，其科技管理体制也随之改变。第四，冷战结束以来，后冷战时期国际力量对比和世界格局发生了重大变化。面对经济全球化和高新技术的快速发展，美国的国防科技政策发生了重大调整。In 1915, the United States established the national aeronautical advisory board, the first military research institution established by the U.S. government, expanding the government's authority to organize scientific research. In the same year, the navy established the navy advisory board. At the initiative of the smithsonian's national museum of natural history and the national academy of sciences, then-president Wilson directed the national academy of sciences to form the national research council, whose mission was to create conditions for cooperation between governments, universities, businesses and other research organizations. By 1920 the United States had developed a national scientific research system consisting of federal laboratories, corporate research institutes, institutions of higher learning, and private scientific foundations. This period is the focus of the U.S. government agriculture, the development of national resources, such as military and aircraft, but there is little to invest in research and development of science and technology, nor develop national scientific planning and national technology planning, in addition to the aviation, the United States the development of science and technology relies mainly on the inventor of the individuals and businesses to promote, and according to the demand of the market to regulate their own research. The technical achievements of the us military scientific research are lack of overall management and use.1915年，美国成立了国家航空咨询委员会，这是美国政府建立的第一个军事研究机构，扩大了政府组织科学研究的权力。同年，海军成立了海军咨询委员会。在史密森尼国家自然历史博物馆和国家科学院的倡议下，当时的总统威尔逊指示国家科学院成立国家研究委员会，其使命是为政府、大学、企业和其他研究组织之间的合作创造条件。到1920年，美国已经发展了一个由联邦实验室、企业研究机构、高等院校和私人科学基金会组成的国家科学研究体系。这一时期是美国政府的重点农业、国家资源的发展,如军事和飞机,但几乎没有投资于研究和科学和技术的发展,还是发展国家科学规划和国家技术规划,除了航空、美国科学和技术的发展主要依赖个人和企业推广的发明者,并根据市场的需求来规范自己的研究。美国军事科研的技术成果缺乏全面的管理和利用。President Roosevelt in 1941 approved the establishment of the national scientific research and development office, the office than world war I, the national research council has greater independence and initiative, and during the second world war as a whole of the national scientific research activities, the famous "Manhattan project", radar and penicillin and other major projects of science and technology research and development, are under the leadership of the office. Through these research programs, the United States has established a research mechanism in which the government entrusts the private sector to undertake research projects and coordinates the implementation of national science and technology programs under the interaction of the government, enterprises and private research sectors. The success of the Manhattan project demonstrates the enormous efficiency of this mechanism. In 1941, the United States government established the wartime scientific research and development agency to adapt to wartime needs and accelerate the development of weapons and equipment. Since 1945, the relevant agencies of the us federal government have funded the scientific research activities of universities. The office of naval research, established in 1946 with congressional authorization, has awarded 177 research contracts to 81 U.S. universities and supported more than 600 research projects. The atomic energy commission of the United States, established in 1947, oversees research in atomic energy science. In 1958, in order to consolidate the dominant position of the United States in the field of space science and technology, th