Paper写作范文-比较优势理论

www.ocscf.org Paper写作范文-比较优势理论比较优势是与绝对优势对应的概念。传统比较优势理论把比较优势看作是静态的、不变的，强调依据资源禀赋状况确立主导产业，而动态比较优势理论则认为比较优势是动态的、变动的，强调有选择地培育新的优势产业。实践中要立足现有的传统比较优势创造动态比较优势，以实现产业结构的升级和比较优势的转换。Traditional comparative advantage theory regards comparative advantage as static and invariable, and emphasizes the establishment of leading industries according to the situation of resource endowment; while dynamic comparative advantage theory thinks comparative advantage is dynamic and changeable, and emphasizes the cultivation of new advantageous industries selectively. In practice, it is necessary to create dynamic comparative advantage based on the existing traditional comparative advantage so as to realize the upgrading of industrial structure and the transformation of comparative advantage.Comparative advantage is the concept corresponding to absolute advantage. Absolute advantage is built on the comparison of the absolute cost of production. A country has an absolute advantage in the production of a commodity if it USES less or more efficient resources per unit of production. For example, Brazil can produce coffee and bananas at a lower cost, while the United States can produce airplanes and compact machine tools at a lower cost. Thus, Brazil has an absolute advantage in the production of coffee and bananas, while the United States has an absolute advantage in the production of airplanes and compact machine tools. As a result, countries use international trade to obtain products that are difficult for them to produce: Canada needs to import coffee, Japan needs to import oil, Kuwait needs to import aircraft and so on.Comparative advantage is based on the opportunity cost of production activities. If the opportunity cost of producing a certain commodity is lower than that of other countries, the country has a comparative advantage in the production. On the other hand, if one country's opportunity cost of producing a certain commodity is higher than that of other countries, it lacks comparative advantage.Comparative advantage explains the cause of international trade by the difference of labor productivity between countries. There are two versions of comparative advantage. Ricardo's version USES the difference in the time input to produce a product to reflect the difference in labor productivity; the modern economic version USES the size of opportunity cost to reflect the difference in productivity. Both versions point to the same conclusion: countries with high productivity in both products should specialise in the production of the one with higher Labour productivity, and countries should concentrate on the production of the one with a relatively small difference in productivity levels. When both countries exchange goods through trade, the welfare level of both countries will increase. Clearly, the theory of comparative advantage advocates free trade.The proposal of the theory of comparative advantage is based on relatively strict premise. It is a qualitative breakthrough of the theory of absolute advantage and the development of the theory of absolute advantage. The initial premise of the theory of comparative advantage is as follows: two countries, two products or two elements; There are certain characteristics of national homes; the comparative interests of each country are static and unchanged, and there is no scale economy. Free trade is carried out under the market structure of perfect competition, in the form of barter exchange. There is no technological progress, capital accumulation or economic development.As a theory of economic development, the theory of comparative advantage has been put forward by ricardo for nearly 200 years, but it is still the basic principle that enterprises and countries should follow in terms of relative intensity of factors when choosing production activities. "Two advantages over the worst, two disadvantages over the worst" is not only the basic principle guiding international trade, but also the principle of reasonable social division of labor in order to obtain the maximum social welfare and labor efficiency.The free flow of production factors has changed the traditional pattern of division of labor. For example, in the early stage of China's reform and opening up, the export products were mainly labor-intensive products, especially textiles. Since the mid-1990s, mechanical and electrical products have become the largest export products in China. The theory of comparative advantage is difficult to explain international trade in services. The rules of trade in services are different from those of trade in goods in many ways: the rules of national treatment that need to be strictly observed in the field of trade in goods have been applied flexibly in the field of trade in services, and the openness of service sectors has to be implemented according to their respective schedules. The regulation different from the product trade just reflects the difficulty of applying th