1、Python面向对象编程实战图书管理系统1.面向对象编程（OOP）基础面向对象编程是一种编程范式，它通过使用“对象”来组织代码，使程序更加模块化、易于维护和扩展。在Python中，OOP通过类和对象来实现。 类（Class）：是创建对象的蓝图或模板。 对象（Object）：是类的实例，具有属性和方法。示例：class Dog: def _init_(self, name, age): self.name = name # 属性 self.age = age # 属性 def bark(self): print(fself.name is barking!) # 方法# 创建Dog类的对象my_dog = Dog(Buddy, 5)my_dog.bark() # 输出: Buddy is barking!2. 封装（Encapsulation）封装是面向对象编程的三大特性之一，它指的是将对象的状态（属性）和行为（方法）结合在一起，并对外界隐藏对象的内部实现细节。示例：class Person: def _init_(self, name, age): self._name = name
2、# 私有属性 self._age = age # 私有属性 def get_name(self): return self._name def set_name(self, name): self._name = name def get_age(self): return self._age def set_age(self, age): if age 0: self._age = age else: print(Age must be positive!)# 创建Person类的对象person = Person(Alice, 30)print(person.get_name() # 输出: Aliceperson.set_age(-5) # 输出: Age must be positive!print(person.get_age() # 输出: 303. 继承（Inheritance）继承允许我们创建一个类（子类）继承另一个类（父类）的属性和方法。这有助于代码复用，并促进层次结构的设计。示例：class Animal: def _init_(self, name): self.
3、name = name def speak(self): raise NotImplementedError(Subclass must implement abstract method)class Dog(Animal): def speak(self): return fself.name says Woof!class Cat(Animal): def speak(self): return fself.name says Meow!# 创建Dog和Cat类的对象dog = Dog(Rex)cat = Cat(Whiskers)print(dog.speak() # 输出: Rex says Woof!print(cat.speak() # 输出: Whiskers says Meow!4. 多态（Polymorphism）多态允许我们将父类类型的引用指向子类对象，从而实现接口的重用。在Python中，多态是天然支持的，因为Python是动态类型语言。示例：def animal_speak(animal): print(animal.speak()# 创建Dog和Cat类的对象
4、dog = Dog(Rex)cat = Cat(Whiskers)animal_speak(dog) # 输出: Rex says Woof!animal_speak(cat) # 输出: Whiskers says Meow!5. 高级概念：抽象基类（ABC）抽象基类（Abstract Base Class，ABC）提供了一种定义接口的方式，确保子类实现了特定方法。示例：from abc import ABC, abstractmethodclass Shape(ABC): abstractmethod def area(self): passclass Rectangle(Shape): def _init_(self, width, height): self.width = width self.height = height def area(self): return self.width * self.heightclass Circle(Shape): def _init_(self, radius): self.radius = radius def area(sel
5、f): import math return math.pi * self.radius * 2# 创建Rectangle和Circle类的对象rect = Rectangle(4, 5)circle = Circle(3)print(rect.area() # 输出: 20print(circle.area() # 输出: 28.2743338823081386. 实战案例：图书管理系统假设我们要设计一个图书管理系统，包括图书（Book）和图书馆（Library）两个类。图书类有书名、作者和ISBN号等属性，图书馆类则管理图书的借出和归还。代码实现：from datetime import datetimeclass Book: def _init_(self, title, author, isbn): self.title = title self.author = author self.isbn = isbn self.is_borrowed = False def borrow(self): if not self.is_borrowed: self.is_borrowed
6、 = True print(fself.title has been borrowed.) self.borrow_date = datetime.now() else: print(fself.title is already borrowed.) def return_book(self): if self.is_borrowed: self.is_borrowed = False print(fself.title has been returned.) self.return_date = datetime.now() else: print(fself.title is not borrowed.)class Library: def _init_(self): self.books = def add_book(self, book): self.books.append(book) def borrow_book(self, title): for book in self.books: if book.title = title and not book.is_borr
7、owed: book.borrow() return True print(fBook title not found or already borrowed.) return False def return_book(self, title): for book in self.books: if book.title = title and book.is_borrowed: book.return_book() return True print(fBook title not found or not borrowed.) return False# 创建图书和图书馆对象book1 = Book(Python Programming, Alice Johnson, 1234567890)book2 = Book(Data Science with Python, Bob Smith, 0987654321)library = Library()library.add_book(book1)library.add_book(book2)# 借书和还书操作library.borrow_book(Python Programming)library.borrow_book(Data Science with Python)library.return_book(Python Programming)输出：Python Programming has been borrowed.Data Science with Python has been borrowed.Python Programming has been returned.分析：在这个图书管理系统中，我们定义了Book类和Library类。Book类具有书名、作者、ISBN号和借出状态等属性，以及借书和还书的方法。Library类管理多个Book对象，并提供添加图书、借书和还书的功能。这种设计使得系统非常灵活和可扩展，例如，我们可以轻松地添加新的图书类型或新的管理方法。总结本文详细介绍了Python面向对象编程的精髓，包括类与对象、封装、继承、多态以及抽象基类等核心概念。通过逐步引导和实践示例，我们展示了如何
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