高考英语复习讲练测第13讲 阅读理解主旨大意题（讲）（全国通用）（教案）.docx

第13讲 阅读理解主旨大意题（讲）【考纲考情】主旨大意题考查考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象, 既考查细节理解能力, 又考查深层次的推理、概括能力,难度较大题型和考查角度：1.主题类：文章大意题和段落大意题(概括文章或段落的主旨大意)2.标题类：标题判断题（选择最佳标题）考点梳理】主旨大意类要求在理解全文的基础上，从文中提取有效信息进行概括归纳，从而得出文章主旨要义此类试题没有明显的解题依据，是对文章深层次的理解，因此成为最易失分的题目命题方式 ：What is the text mainly about?What is the best title for the text?What can be a suitable title for the text?What's the first/second/third....paragraph mainly about?What's the main idea discussed in the first/secondthird/.. paragraph?解题步骤：1.首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章大意。

2.如果没有主题句就寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文正确选项特点：1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或者整个段落内容2.精确性强，能恰当表达原文主题和中心思想3.短小醒目，这是标题类选项的特点，是文章的点睛之笔干扰项特点：1.覆盖面太大，超出了短文论述的范围2.以偏概全，涉及的只是短文的某一部分或者某一个细节，或是某一个段落的要点或者部分3.与短文有交集，但偏离文章或者段落主旨解题方法】1.寻找主题句确定文章大意主题句在文章中的位置主要有四种情况:(1)主题句在段首一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后是论证性细节在说明文、论述文或新闻报道中多采用这种形式,作者在首段常常亮出观点、表明立场大多数文章的主题句就是文章的首句,所以要认真阅读文章首句2)主题句在段末有的主题句放在文章的末尾,先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证,将主题引向高潮,起到总结作用,从而形成强有力的结论,这就要求考生耐心地读完全文3)主题句在文中或隐含还有的主题句在段中间或隐含在文中,成为段落语义的核心,让读者很难发现,这种情况难度较大,考生要通观全文,分清主旨细节,进行归纳推理最后概括出来的中心意思一定要涵盖全文或整个段落,切忌以偏概全或离题太远、太笼统。

解答此类题时考生需要把握作者的观点、态度、语气等,分析文章的篇章结构,抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论,捕捉与题目有关的信息,从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想例】(2020·全国卷Ⅲ·C篇)With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation (孤独), more families are choosing to live together.The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother­in­law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.Four years ago they all moved into a three­storey Victorian house in Bristol—one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house，” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it's a big thing for Nick to live with his mother­in­law.”And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325，000 in 2001 to 419，000 in 2013.Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25­34­year­olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband's family when they get married.31．What is the text mainly about?A．Lifestyles in different countries. B．Conflicts between generations.C．A housing problem in Britain. D．A rising trend of living in the UK.【答案】D　【解析】主旨大意题。

通读全文，尤其根据第一段可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着孤独的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起由此可知，文章主要讲述了聚居在英国是一种呈上升趋势的生活方式2. 通过结构或暗示概括段落大意(1)根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意2)通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意例】(2020·全国卷Ⅲ·B篇)The creative team behind “Apes” used motion­capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor's performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic­looking ape.25．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?A．The cost of making “Apes.”B．The creation of digitalized apes.C．The publicity about “Apes.”D．The performance of real apes.【答案】B　【解析】段落大意题。

根据本段第一句可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术来创造数字化动物，在记录演员表演和后期加工处理上花费了上千万美元，最后创造出了猿的图像由此可知，本段主要是关于数字化人猿的创造3. 三大方法定标题（1）最佳标题应具备以下三大特征：①概括--准确而又简短;②针对性--标题外延正好与文章内容相符;③题目--能引发读者的阅读欲望2) 三大方法：①正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；②反面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；③研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符例】(2021·全国乙卷·C篇)You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re­examine their relationship to single­use plastic products.At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse，” a pair of 10­foot­tall plastic waves, frozen mid­crash. Made of 168，000 plastic str。