西方译论笔记(共14页).doc

精选优质文档-----倾情为你奉上Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and applicationsChapter 1 Main issues of translation studies1.1 The concept1) Translation can refer to the general subject, the product or the act of translating. It involves changing an original written text in original language into a written text in target language. 2) Czech structuralist Roman Jakobson’s categories:A. intra-lingual translation, or rewording: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language;B. inter-lingual translation, translation proper: an interpretation of signs by means of some other language";C. Inter-semiotic translation, transmutation: by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems.3) Intralingua translation occurs when rephrase, explain or clarify. Intersemiotic translation occurs if a text were translated into music, film or painting. 1.2 Translation studies? Throughout history, translations have played a crucial role in inter-human communication, providing access to important texts of academic and religious value. Yet translation as an academic subject begun only fifty years ago, the Dutch-based US scholar James S. Holmes in 1972 describes the then nascent discipline as being concerned with the problems clustered round the translating and translations. 1988, Marx Snell-Hornbs wrote that the breathtaking development and prolific international discussions call for translation studies as an independent discipline. Mona Baker says the exciting new discipline bringing together scholars from a wide variety of traditional disciplines. Now, the discipline continues to develop from strength to strength. There are two very visible ways in which translation has become more prominent. 1) The proliferation of translating and interpreting courses. In 1999/2000, there were at least 20 postgraduate translation courses in the UK and several Centers of Translation, at least 250 universities in over 60 countries offering commercial translation courses, and still other courses, in smaller numbers, focus on literary translation. 2) The 1990s also saw numerous conferences, books and journals on translation in many languages. Long-standing international journals such as Babel, Meta have been joined by, Literature in Translation, The Translator, Perspectives (France), as well as a whole host of comparative literature. John Benjamins, Routledge and St Jerome published a number of books. In addition, there are professional publications include Interpreting and In Other Words. Other smaller periodicals give details of forthcoming events, International translation conferences were held in many countries.专心---专注---专业 Translation and training translators (Bratislava, Slovakia); Literary translation (Mons, Belgium); Legal translation (Geneva, Switzerland); Gender and translation (Norwich, UK); Translation and meaning (Maastricht, the Netherlands); Research models in translation studies (UMIST, Manchester, UK); Translation as/at the crossroads of culture (Lisbon, Portugal); Translation and globalization (Tangiers, Morocco); The history of translation (Leon, Spain); Trans-adaptation and pedagogical challenges (Turku, Finland): Translation-focused comparative literature (Pretoria, South Africa and Salvador, Brazil).The abundance of translation activities indicates that it has now become one of the most active and dynamic new areas of research.1.3 A brief history1) Writings on translating go far back in history, for example, Cicero, Horace have exerted important influences. St Jerome’s approach would affect later Scriptures translations, which was the battle- ground of conflicting ideologies for over1000 years.2) Although translating practice is long established, the study was not an academic discipline until the 2nd half of 20th century. Before that, grammar-translation method had dominated secondary schools which centered on the rote of grammatical rules of the foreign language. The gearing of translation to language teaching partly explain why academia considered it to be of secondary status. Study of translated works was generally frowned upon once a student mastered skills to read the original. 3) USA promoted translation in 1960s. Based on I. A. Richardss reading and creative writing workshops, translation workshops were established in Iowa and Princeton, intended as a platform for introduction and discussion of finer translation principles. Parallel to this approach was comparative literature, necessitating translation. 4) Contrastive analysis attempts to identify differences between languages, although useful, seldom incorporate sociocultural and pragmatic factors. 5) In 1950s and 1960s. A number of linguistic studies of translation not only demonstrated their gut link with translation, but also began to mark out the territory of translation. Nida used the word science.1.4 The Holmes/Toury map1) Holmes’s paper the name and natu。