经济学曲线图解.ppt

Total revenue總收入 TRTRQ0QMRARAR,MR0Average revenue平均收入 TRTRQ0QMRARAR,MR0Marginal revenue邊際收入 TRTRQ0QMRARAR,MR0Perfect competition完全競爭 PQd=MR=AR=PMCACAVCQ*0Profit maximization利潤最大化 P PQMCD=ARMR0MR=MC (profit maximization)Deadweight loss無謂損失 PQ Pm PcQm QcS=MCD=ARMR0Monopoly rent壟斷租 PQ PQMCD=ARMR0AC’ACMonopoly壟斷PQ PQMCD=ARMR0ACLaw of diminishing marginal returns邊際報酬遞減定律 TPVariable factor0AP,MP0Variable factorTPSlope=MP=APTP max.MP max.AP max.APMPLaw of diminishing marginal returnsAverage product curve平均生產曲線 TPVariable factor0AP,MP0Variable factorTPSlope=MP=APTP max.MP max.AP max.APMPMarginal product curve邊際生產曲線 TPVariable factor0AP,MP0Variable factorTPSlope=MP=APTP max.MP max.AP max.APMPTotal product curve總生產曲線 TPVariable factor0AP,MP0Variable factorTPSlope=MP=APTP max.MP max.AP max.APMPTotal fixed cost總固定成本 TC,TFC,TVCSlope=MC=ACTCTVCSlope=MC=AVCTFCOutputAC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVCOutput00MC=MVCACAVCAFCMFC=0Total variable cost總可變成本 TC,TFC,TVCSlope=MC=ACTCTVCSlope=MC=AVCTFCOutputAC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVCOutput00MC=MVCACAVCAFCMFC=0Total cost總成本 TC,TFC,TVCSlope=MC=ACTCTVCSlope=MC=AVCTFCOutputAC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVCOutput00MC=MVCACAVCAFCMFC=0Average fixed cost平均固定成本 TC,TFC,TVCSlope=MC=ACTCTVCSlope=MC=AVCTFCOutputAC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVCOutput00MC=MVCACAVCAFCMFC=0Average variable cost平均可變成本 TC,TFC,TVCSlope=MC=ACTCTVCSlope=MC=AVCTFCOutputAC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVCOutput00MC=MVCACAVCAFCMFC=0Average cost平均成本 TC,TFC,TVCSlope=MC=ACTCTVCSlope=MC=AVCTFCOutputAC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVCOutput00MC=MVCACAVCAFCMFC=0Marginal cost邊際成本 TC,TFC,TVCSlope=MC=ACTCTVCSlope=MC=AVCTFCOutputAC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVCOutput00MC=MVCACAVCAFCMFC=0First-degree price discrimination一級價格分歧 MCD=MUV=MRPQ0Third-degree price discrimination三級價格分歧 PPPQP1DAMRAMRBDBMRA+BDA+BPA0PBQAQBMarket AMarket BBoth MarketsMCQLaw of demand需求定律 ABDPQ0Law of supply供給定律 SPQ0ABEquilibrium Price均衡價格0PQSDPeSurplus盈餘 0PQSDPeQeExcess supplyShortage短缺 0PQSDPeQeExcess demandPrice ceiling價格下限 QPrice ceilingPSDMarket PriceBlack market price0Excess demandPrice floor價格上限 SD0LabourWage rateW 1W eW 0Q1Q2Minimum wageSurplusElastic demand高彈性需求 PQD0D’abMElastic DemandInelastic demand低彈性需求 PQD0D’abMInelastic DemandPerfectly elastic demand完全彈性需求曲線 PQ0DPerfectly inelastic demand完全無彈性需求曲線 PQ0DUnitary elastic demand curve單一彈性需求曲線 PQ0DLoss in revenueGain in revenueGain in revenueGain=LossBudget constraint預算限制 013254132Good XQRSPGood YIndifference curve無異曲線 13245132045Good XBADCIC (utility=10)Good YUtility maximization效用最大化 0Good XBECDLIC1IC2IC3Good YSales tax銷售稅 0QS2S1TaxDPSeller’s burdenConsumer’s burdenSubsidy補貼 0QS2S1 SubsidyDPSeller’s benefitConsumer’s benefitConsumer surplus消費者盈餘 0QTotal exchange value PriceD = MUVPConsumer’s surplusEconomies of scale規模經濟 0OutputLRACeconomies of scaleQm$Diseconomies of scale規模不經濟 0OutputLRACdiseconomies of scaleQm$Producer surplus生產者的盈餘 QSP0Economic rent經濟租 PriceSDQ1P1Units of a factor0Economic rentTransfer earning轉移收入 PriceSDQ1P1Units of a factor0Transfer earningAll-or-nothing Pricing全量或零售定價 Q0MUVAll-or-nothing demandAUV1=P1P2PQ1Q2Contractionary monetary policy收縮性貨幣政策 rM0Ms’MsMdExpansionary monetary policy擴張性貨幣政策 rM0Ms’MsMdEquilibrium in money market貨幣市場的均衡 rM0MsMdParadox of thrift節儉之迷 EE00YYS’SS’SIIYfYfYeYe’YeYe’Expansionary fiscal policy擴張性財政政策 E0YYfYeY-line45°E’EContractionary fiscal policy收縮性財政政策 E0YYfYeY-line45°E’EDeflationary gap緊縮缺口E0YYfYeY-line45°EGRDGInflationary Gap膨脹缺口 E0YYfYeY-line45°EGFIGLiquidity trap流動之迷 E0YYfLM1ISLM2Crowding-out effect排擠效果 r0YYfLMIS2IS1Y2Y1crowding-out effectr2r1LM CurveLM 曲線 r0YLMY2Y1r2r1IS CurveIS 曲線 r0YISY2Y1r2r1Phillips curve菲利蒲士曲線 0Rate of change of money wage rates (% p.a.)Unemployment (%)Quota配額 Good XWorld market pricePSD0QPtPeQ1Q2Tariff關稅 Good XWorld market pricePSD0PtPeQ1Q2bdceafTQ3Q4Average propensity to consumeYE0aCCYSlopes=APCMarginal propensity to consume YE0aCSlopes=MPCBackward bending labor supply向後彎曲勞力供應曲線 Income0Wage rateCBACBA0Slope=W3Slope=W2Slope=W1Work24 (hours)LeisureW1W2W3Quantity supplied of laborJ-curveJ曲線 0Time (+)J-curve+-Trade balanceMarginal utility邊際效用 Good Y0Good XSlope= Marginal UtilityICReference參考書目•Lam Pun Lee, Advanced Level Microeconomics Third Edition, Macmillan•Lam Pun Lee, Advanced Level Macroeconomics Third Edition, Macmillan。