语言测试科学与艺术.docx

语言测试科学与艺术——李筱菊单选题部分：＜一＞命题步骤一、 定考点1. 语法题考点：根据目标语语法体系中本考试应该覆盖的项目范围 研究考纲根据对象受试群常犯的语法错误所反应的语法薄弱点2. 词汇题考点：词频（word frequncy） 语料库（如：频率出现最高的1000词为第一档次）中国学习者的词汇薄弱点或难点二、 据考点写体感和答案项把完整正确的句子写出来，接着按考点要求把要抽出的部分抽出作为答案项三、 写干扰项错误观念：1.干扰项不过是错误答案而已，只要随便把正确答案改成几个错误的形式 （写干扰项不能没有根据，主要要以受试者环绕本题的考点可能会产生的反应为根据）四、 修整选择项和题干修整的目的是尽量使文字简洁，尤其是选择项原则上凡是选择项中可以移到题干中去的部 分，应尽量移到题干中去受试者可以只读一遍的部分，不必让他浪费时间读四、五遍） to dinner!A. How very thoughtful of you to take meB. How very thoughtful of you taking meC. How very thoughtful of you for taking meD. How very thoughtful of you and take meE. How very thoughtful of you and taking me改后：How very thoughtful of you me to dinner.A. to takeB. takingC. for takingD. and takeE. and taking五、 排列选择项1、长度一致目的：为了避免无意中为猜测答案提供了暗示。

注：偏易的题目，可适当把答案项移后；偏难的题目，可适当把答案项移前不要变成 规律）2、结构一致四个选项如果有一个结构上显然与其他不同，也可能影响受试者的选择决定Honestly the movie was not good, but it was comic, and the audience all the time.A. yawnedB. was sadC. clappedD. laughed2,类属一致（常见的是此类不一致）A body will remain at rest it is acted upon by an external force.A. should B. sinceC. unless D. ifA由于单独属于另一此类而显得突出，而且，情态助动词从语法上讲是根本不能放入题干 的空当的这就使这个干扰项明显地弱于其他干扰项使选它的概率低于其他，作为干扰项 的效力要大大降低4,难度一致It’s too windy to go for a stroll.A. swim B. sailC. drive D. ramble注：前边讲的长度、结构或者类属一致，都包括四个一致及两两一致。

但是难度一致只能指 四个一致，不可能包括两两一致＜二＞命题技巧写干扰项的技巧：利用受试者可能犯的错误一、利用目标语学习者的典型弱点如：分不清过去一般时态和现在完成时态、搞不清回答问题时何时该用Yes何时该用no、 搞不清say、speak、tell、talk的区别、弄不清一连串形容词或副词哪个先哪个后等可以直接把学生平时练习里的错误拿来作干扰项抓住汉语或中国文化的干扰作用揣摩中国学生在具体问题上会怎样出错We are studying books now.A. two history very difficult （两本历史题材的很难的）B. two very difficult history （两本很难的历史）C. two difficult hiroty very （两本难的历史很的）D. very two difficult history （很的两本难的历史）改后：C. very difficult two history （很难的两本历史）D. very difficult history two （很难的历史题材的两本）二、 利用对词语的误解或错误联想From his worn-out clothes you judge that he is a man of modest means.（从他那破旧的衣着上， 你可以断定他经济不富裕）A. he is an average tailor （他是个技艺平平的裁缝）B. he uses simple methods （他做事用简单的方法）C. he is not a rich man （他并不是有钱人）D. he is a miserly man （他是个吝啬的人）三. 利用近似词语之间的混淆He tried to his anger.A. suppress （压制） B. compress （压缩）C. oppress （压迫） D. depress （压抑）选项不仅词形近似，意义也近似。

一般命题，能利用上一个方面的近似，也就可以了也可 以不求四个干扰项都相互近似，而是亮亮近似如下：Peter was seen crying when he was coming our form the principal ’s office. We can that hemust have been punished by the principal.A. induce （导致） B. induct （引导）C. deduce （推断） D. deduct （减去）单纯取其意义上近似的例子：Mr. Wood the lawyer has many and makes a lot of money.A. frequnters （常客，常光顾者） B. customers （顾客，光顾者）C. patron （主顾，老主顾） D. clients （主顾，委托人）利用结构上的近似设计选项：Let’s hope that scientists will soon a practical solution to the problem.A. take up with B. come up withC. keep up with D. put up with命题要求1. 语言正确、地道、得体、简洁2. 避免偏颇性例： The whole familiy ate dinner at the restaurant.A. cafe B. tea houseC. hospital D. clinic （不是词汇问题，而是文化背景问题）3. 考点明确单选题的无答案题和多答案题，可以归纳为一下几种起因或情况：一、题目本来就无答案或有多个答案Go and have before we set our.A. some sleep B. the sleepC. sleepD. a good sleepThere was nothing to be seen for miles a large house.A. beside B. besidesC. expect D. except二、 文体差异或地区语言变体的差异使题目出现无答案或多答案By the time we got home, I all about it.A. had forgot B. had forgottenC. forgot D. should have forgottenE. was forgetting三、 不同的情景或预警对题目造成多答案的潜在可能Which do you think tastes, the chicken oir the fish?A. well B. goodC. better D. best— Frankly only one of these two dishes tastes good. The other tastes awful.—Which do you think tastes good, the chicken or the fish?— These two dishes, the chicken and the fish, both taste better than all the others.— But we must choose one for the first prize. Which do you think tastes best, the chicken or the fish?又如：This is a photo of the power station that in my home town.A.. has set up B. has been set upC. was set up D. is set up修改后：My brother now works at the power station that in my home town.只能选B项。

四、题目的答案完全依赖于受试者的主观决定A cat is than a dog.A. least loyal B. loyalerC. less loyal D. more loyalHe before seven o’ clock.A. ate, dressed and washedB. washed, ate and dressedC. washed, dressed and ateD. ate, washed and dressed六、选择项不应互相牵连选择项互相牵连，意味着两个选择项中一个对了，另一个也跟着对这样的话，势必两个都 被否定He is a brutal man and so everybody him.A. dislikes B. respectsC. pities D. praises修改后：D. exploits避免无意中透露了答案的线索：长度、结构、类属、难度（上述）干扰项明显地缺乏似乎可能性一、 同一次考试中一道题目邪路了另一道题目的答案二、 题干语境泄露了答案The frown on the man’s face showed that he was displeased.A. look of fearB. look of angerC. look of delightD. look of surprise三、 被考词的词形给了答案的线索He thought it was lawful to buy a gun without a permit.A. allowed by lawB. against the lawC. a pleasureD. necessary。