
内分泌系统教学资料 diagnostic imaging of endocrine system 1220.ppt
54页Diagnostic imaging of Diagnostic imaging of endocrine systemendocrine systemFANG WenqiangDepartment of Radiology, Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineMajor endocrine glands. (Male left, female on the right.) 1.Pineal gland 2.Pituitary gland 3.Thyroid gland 4.Thymus 5.Adrenal gland 6.Pancreas 7.Ovary 8.TestesEndocrine diseases Endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups:•Endocrine gland hyposecretion (leading to hormone deficiency)•Endocrine gland hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess)•Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands IntroductionImaging modality•Ultrasound:Thyroid disease •X-ray•CT:Adrenal diseases •MRI:Pituitary disease•Nuclear medicine Radiology ::Anatomy + Pathology + …影像诊断影像诊断 = 定位诊断定位诊断 + 定性诊断定性诊断 ImageThyroid disorders •Goiter •HyperthyroidismGraves-Basedow diseaseToxic multinodular goitre •Hypothyroidism•ThyroiditisHashimoto's thyroiditis•Thyroid neoplasmThyroid cancer Thyroid disorders •Goiter •HyperthyroidismGraves-Basedow diseaseToxic multinodular goitre •Hypothyroidism•ThyroiditisHashimoto's thyroiditis•Thyroid neoplasmThyroid cancer Thyroid neoplasm•Thyroid nodules are common, major presentation of thyroid neoplasm, as determined using ultrasound. •The widespread use of imaging examinations (ultrasound, CT) has led to an "epidemic" of thyroid nodules. •Thyroid nodules occur in up to 3%~8% of adult population without any symptom. However, 5%~10% of thyroid nodules are malignant. Thyroid nodular disease: toxic or nontoxic? malignant or benign? Multinodular GoiterMedullary Thyroid CancerThyroid neoplasm•Thyroid neoplasm is a neoplasm or tumor of the thyroid. It can be a benign tumor such as thyroid adenoma, or it can be a malignant neoplasm (thyroid carcinoma), such as papillary, follicular, medullary or anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid neoplasm•Clinical manifestation•Laboratory examination•Imaging examination–Ultrasonography–Radionuclide scanning –CT–MRI Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) Ultrasonography•Ultrasound is an easily available and relatively inexpensive modality and is used as routine examination for detection of thyroid nodule. •Ultrasound can accurately detect nonpalpable nodules, estimate the size of the nodule and the volume of the goiter, and differentiate simple cysts, which have a low risk of being malignant, from solid nodules or from mixed cystic and solid nodules, which have a 5 percent risk of being malignant. thyroid adenomathyroid carcinomaCT •CT is not routinely used as a primary modality for detection of thyroid nodule. Some cases of thyroid carcinoma can be diagnosed correctly according to the characteristic manifestations on CT. •CT scanning can be used to evaluate soft-tissue extension of large or suspicious thyroid masses into the neck, trachea, or esophagus and to assess metastases to the cervical lymph nodes. Thyroid carcinomaThyroid carcinomaThyroid disorders •Goiter •HyperthyroidismGraves-Basedow diseaseToxic multinodular goitre •Hypothyroidism•ThyroiditisHashimoto's thyroiditis•Thyroid neoplasmThyroid cancer 甲状腺肿:a.b.弥漫性甲状腺肿;c.d.多结节性甲状腺肿 Multinodular GoiterThyroid disorders •Goiter •HyperthyroidismGraves-Basedow diseaseToxic multinodular goitre •Hypothyroidism•ThyroiditisHashimoto's thyroiditis•Thyroid neoplasmThyroid cancer Hyperthyroidism HypercortisolismCushing’s SyndromeCushing’s Syndrome (Hypercortisolism), a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol produced by the body or taken as medication. Symptoms include upper body obesity, rounded or "MOON FACE", easy bruising, weakened bones, fatigue, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar.Cushing's syndrome •pituitary (70%)•adrenal (20%)•ectopic (10%)•others Cushing's syndrome •pituitary (70%)•adrenal (20%)•ectopic (10%)•others Diagnosing Cushing's disease is a multidisciplinary process involving doctors, endocrinologists, radiologists, surgeons, and chemical pathologists. Cushing's disease Cushing's disease is a cause of Cushing's syndrome characterised by increased secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary. This is most often as a result of a pituitary adenoma that stimulates the synthesis of cortisol by the adrenal glands. Pituitary adenomas are responsible for 70% of endogenous Cushing's syndrome. ACTHSource: pituitary gland. Stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol. Pituitary/Hypothalamic-based Hyperplasia(Cushing’s Disease)AnatomyNormal hypothalamic-pituitary region (coronal and sagital view)Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis, is a pea-sized organ located at the base of the brain. It is known as the MASTER GLAND because it regulates many body activities and stimulates other glands to secrete their own specific hormones. Consists of the anterior and posterior lobe. MRI of the pituitary gland •High-resolution•Thin-section •Coronal and sagittal planes•Gadolinium-enhanced (dynamic) ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas •microadenoma (≤ l0mm )•macroadenoma (>l0mm )•huge adenoma(invasive)macroadenoma microadenoma MR manifestations of microadenoma•T1WI: slightly hypointense to isointense T2WI: isointense to hyperintense •intratumoral hemorrhage or cystic changes•relatively low enhancement •Secondary morphologic features: üfocal erosion of the sellar floorüfocal upward convexity of the diaphragma sellaeüdeviation of the stalk to the opposite side microadenoma MR manifestations of macroadenoma•Mass, Waistline•Signal: T1 hypo to iso, T2 iso to hyperintense •Necrosis, Cyst formation, Hemorrhage•Heterogeneous enhancement•Invasionmacroadenoma •Pituitary apoplexy or pituitary tumor apoplexy is a clinical syndrome of headache, visual deficits, ophthalmoplegia or double vision, and alteration in mental status resulting from the sudden hemorrhage or infarction of a pituitary adenoma.•CT and MR imaging, are helpful for diagnosis in both the acute and subacute settings. Pituitary apoplexyPituitary apoplexy Cushing's syndrome •pituitary (70%)•adrenal (20%)•ectopic (10%)•others Adrenal ImagingCT is the most commonly used diagnostic imaging modality for the detection and for the characterization of adrenal masses.üUltrasoundüCT: size, homogeneity, densityüMRIüPET-CT Anatomy of the Adrenal glandsHyperplastic Disorders•Cortical Hyperplasia•Macronodular Hyperplasia•Microadenomatous Hyperplasia of the Adrenal•Other Types of Adrenal HyperplasiaAdrenal HyperplasiaAdrenal Neoplasms•Cortical Adenomas•Cortical Carcinoma•Neuroblastic Tumors•PheochromocytomaAdrenal Neoplasms•Cortical Adenomas•Cortical Carcinoma•Neuroblastic Tumors•PheochromocytomaTumors associated with Cushing’s syndrome aretypically unilateral and present as sharply circumscribedor encapsulated masses that weigh less than50 g and measure 3–4 cm in average diameter.The cortex adjacent to functional adenomas and in the contralateral adrenal is typically atrophicatrophic.Adrenal Neoplasms•Cortical Adenomas•Cortical Carcinoma•Neuroblastic Tumors•PheochromocytomaPheochromocytoma is a rare tumor of adrenal gland tissue. It results in the release of too much epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones that control heart rate, metabolism, and blood pressure. Pheochromocytoma with necrosisCushing's syndrome •pituitary (70%)•adrenal (20%)•ectopic (10%)•others Ectopic Cushing syndrome, on the other hand, occurs when ACTH is produced somewhere other than the pituitary gland. Ectopic means occurring in an abnormal place. Cushing's syndrome •pituitary (70%)•adrenal (20%)•ectopic (10%)•others Ectopic Cushing syndrome is caused by tumors that release ACTH. Tumors that can, in rare cases, release ACTH include:Benign carcinoid tumors of the lungIslet cell tumors of the pancreasMedullary carcinoma of the thyroidSmall cell tumors of the lungTumors of the thymus glandF 35Y12853Case 11d Ectopic ACTH syndromeCase 1Ectopic ACTH syndrome12853Case 1Ectopic ACTH syndromeThank You!。






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